The imperial edict was used as the basic work of Zhao Bing to rule the country by law, but due to the invasion of the Mongol Yuan, the classics were basically lost. To complete this work, the old scriptures must be collected and sorted out. Therefore, this work was arduous and arduous. He ordered Liu Fu to be responsible for this matter. It has been nearly two years since then, but the progress is still slow, and now only the draft of the general outline has been completed.

After the draft was revised according to the custom, the ministers decided the first draft after discussion, and then issued extensive solicitation of opinions, and finally handed over to the emperor for review and finalization. However, Liu Fu and Ying Jieyan were handed over to themselves for review at this time, which was not impossible, but Zhao Bing always felt strange, just like someone who was giving you a gift from the non-year and non-Japanese festival. In addition, he thought the two were taking the opportunity to discuss the matter of the Western Expedition, but they never mentioned it, which disappointed him a little.

At this moment, Liu Fu was talking about the old tune again, talking about the country's administrative system. The monarch and ministers have division of labor, and how the monarch manages the ministers? There are so many ministers and so wide distribution. It is impossible for the king to observe everything alone. Then it is necessary to establish a system of checks and balances within the bureaucratic organization. Compared with the bureaucratic administrative system, a complete monitoring system needs to be established from top to bottom to effectively regulate the operation of the administrative bureaucratic system. This is the supervision system.

But as Zhao Bing listened, he felt that the two old men were discussing with him at this time, as if the drunkard was not drinking, and seemed to be setting a trap for him, but he couldn't figure it out for a while, so he could only listen patiently. But after all, he had something in his heart. Looking at the foot-high paper, he didn't know when it would take to finish his speech, so he couldn't help but get anxious.

"Confucian government officials talks about ethics and rely on the self-discipline of officials. The two gentlemen thought it was right?" Zhao Bing finally couldn't help but interrupted while Liu Fu was drinking tea and moistening his throat. He knew that there was a need, someone would think about and answer this question, and different schools of thought were formed in history. Confucianism talked about self-discipline. He naturally felt dissatisfied with sending other important officials to supervise the Western Expedition.

"Your Majesty said it is right, but people in the world are not sages, and they all have the desire to seek profit. They cannot be solved by relying solely on self-discipline. Therefore, there are laws and departments to restrict and monitor them." Ying Jieyan replied calmly.

"In the "Essentials of the Six Schools", Sima Tan quoted "Yi Da Chuan" as saying: The world is consistent but has a hundred thoughts, and the same ends with different paths. This is not without the rule of law as Your Majesty," Liu Fu also continued, "The two schools of Confucianism and Law have different perspectives and different concepts, but the goals are consistent, and from the perspective of results, they are complementary and consistent. From the perspective of the sage king, it is only focused on different periods. In chaotic times, in order to govern chaos, there must be emphasis on the rule of law. In governing the world, it focuses on Confucianism and emphasizes people's moral cultivation. All of this varies from time to place, and from time to time, and focus is often only temporary needs."

"Well, what the two gentlemen said is so great, let's continue!" The two old men interrupted Zhao Bing's words in two sentences, and could only continue listening, but they were depressed when they were criticized. But he also knew that this principle was correct. The two Confucian and Legal schools had different perspectives in social governance, and the objects they served were the same. There were differences in concepts between them, and their respective focus was different, but they had the same destination.

"Han Feizi said in "The Lower Right of the Foreign Crown": The ruler of a man is abide by the law and is responsible for making meritorious achievements. He heard that there are officials who are in chaos but there are people who are good, and he did not hear that there are officials who are in chaos but there are officials who are in charge of the people who are in charge of the people. Therefore, the wise ruler of officials does not govern the people. The theory is based on the root of shaking wood and the net of lead. Therefore, the sermon who catches fire must be ignored. For those who put out fire, the officials use the fire to run a pot, and the one person is the use of it. If you use a whip to get someone, you will be able to work thousands of men. Your Majesty must know this." Liu Fu continued to preach at this time.

"I know!" Zhao Bing nodded and said a little absent-mindedly. As early as Qiongzhou, Jie Yingjieyan and Deng Guangjian both told him about this, but Yingjieyan focused on the way of the sage king, while Deng Guangjian was the way of the king and the minister.

He knew that the lord here refers to the king; the lord was the title of the township official in ancient times. In "Guanzi·The King and the Minister" divided the lord into two categories, the lord and the lord and the lord. It said: "The lord and the lord are responsible for the work, and the lord are responsible for the teachings." In the Han Dynasty, the lord was also the name of the township official. Sometimes the county magistrate was also called the lord. There was a county lord in the Qin Dynasty. In short, the lord was an official of the grassroots regime.

Han Feizi is talking about a fire incident in the area under the jurisdiction of the sufu, and the sufu will hold him accountable for his misconduct. After the fire, the officials will go to put out the fire by themselves. That is only your personal behavior, which means that you have not been in place as an official. The responsibility of being an official is to organize the people to put out the fire together. He should "work the whip and send ten thousand men to work for him" and mobilize all organizational resources to put out the fire, which is considered to be a duty.

The view is that the king's duty is to govern officials, that is, govern officials, not the people. The people are managed by officials. Wherever the people have trouble, the responsibility lies with officials. Officials have acts of corruption and corruption, and they cannot blame the people. Therefore, the wise ruler's duty is to govern officials rather than govern the people. If the officials are cured, the order in all aspects of society will naturally be straightened out.

"Shang Yang's "Book of Shang Jun: The Constitution" says: The emperor is with officials, and the matter is in harmony and profit but different. Now Zuo Yu is in charge of the other party. If the horse is able to do so, then Zuo Yu has no choice but to escape his evil, and profit is different. If the profit but to hate the same, the father cannot ask his son, and the king cannot ask his ministers. The officials and officials are in harmony and profit but different. Now Zuo Yu is the reason why the previous king is the presumption..." Seeing the emperor nodded, Liu Fu nodded and continued to preach, and looked up at him at the same time.

"Now, relying on many officials and officials to establish officials, the officials have established a chief supervisor. Those who set up a chief supervisor are profitable to prohibit people. If the chief supervisor also wants to make profit, why should they ban each other? Therefore, those who rely on the chief supervisor to govern only have the remaining governance..." Zhao Bing knew that he was trying to ask if he could understand, nodded and signaled that he could continue.

He knew the reason in this passage, first, it was that in terms of national management, neither the king nor the minister could leave behind each other. This refers to "the relationship between affairs", but in terms of interest relations, officials seeking personal gain will inevitably infringe on the public interests of the country. Zuo and Yu are horsemen who raise horses and drive horses. If the horses can also be seen and spoken, then Zuo Yu's all bad deeds cannot be concealed. Therefore, the interests between the two have opposite sides, which is the so-called "those who combine and benefit differently."

Shang Yang used this to describe the relationship between officials and the people. Officials rule and manage the people. The two are essential elements of the state administrative agencies, which is aligned. However, in terms of interest relations, if officials seek personal personal gain, it will inevitably be contrary to the interests of the people. If the people can speak out, then any personal evil of officials will be exposed, and officials will have no escape from their evil.

Horses can see and cannot speak, and the people's eyes are sharp. Of course, they can see clearly. The people's mouths can also explain the evil things they see clearly. If the people's words are let go, then the officials will have no choice but to escape their evil. What should officials do? They can only use their functions to govern the people and thus protect themselves.

On the contrary, if the relationship between the two parties is "combined interests but hates the same", if the interests of both parties are completely consistent, even if the father asks his son or the monarch asks his subordinates, he will not tell the truth about the interests. In a region or unit, the interests between officials and officials are the same, and likes and dislikes are the same. Therefore, when problems arise, they are often intertwined and nested.

For example, in a modern unit, a small treasury is built. If the distribution of the top leaders in the unit is balanced among the unit members, everyone will benefit. Even if the income of the small treasury is illegal, no one will come forward to report this matter because of the common interests of the relevant personnel in the small treasury. Therefore, if the top leaders in the local government commit crimes, they often lead a group of people in the team to participate in the matter and share interests. This is the reason why the case is endless.

Shang Yang meant that in order to establish a supervisory agency within the bureaucratic system, the interests and jurisdictional affiliations between the two must be different rather than consistent. This is the most basic premise for us to establish a supervisory system and organize supervisory agencies in terms of ideological understanding. Of course, it is also the theoretical basis for mutual checks and balances between the political systems of the Song Dynasty. Zhao Bing's answer was also from Shang Yang's words. The chief and supervisor were two systems of local administrative agencies. The chief was the administrative system and supervisor was the supervision system.

The prime minister's administrative system is the chief of the officials who assist the emperor in handling daily affairs, that is, the chief of the court responsible for daily affairs. The local administrative officials of counties are under the jurisdiction of the prime minister in terms of affiliation, and the power of the prime minister to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. The other is the supervision system that is in line with the prime minister's administrative system, which is second to the prime minister in terms of status.

The censor was originally an official who remembered the words and things of the emperor. He was usually developed as a close confidant of the emperor. He was the eyes and ears of the emperor and the members who handled secretary affairs. His original status was not high, but his relationship with the emperor was closer than that of the foreign courts represented by the prime minister. When the prime minister was of high power and inconvenient to send, he asked the censors around him to handle some affairs. Some cases that the emperor wanted to investigate were often handled. The chief of the censor was the chief censor and the deputy chief censor.

The local supervisor is under the jurisdiction of the Censorate, so "the establishment of the chief and the chief" is two parallel institutions in the local area. The chief is an administrative agency and the chief is the supervisor. The local administrative system in the Qin Dynasty was a two-level system of counties. The chief executives of the county had a guard, supervisor, and lieutenant. The chief executives of the county were the chief executives of the county. His assistant was the chief supervisor, responsible for local supervision, and wei was responsible for military and local public security.

When the county level was in Qin, the county magistrate was established. The county magistrate was the head of a county, sometimes also called the county magistrate, and the chief was the assistant of the county magistrate. The county magistrate was also responsible for the storage and criminal prisons in the county. The large county also had a wei, and the county magistrate was responsible for local public security. There was no supervisor at the county level, and the county magistrate was responsible for the subordinate counties. Therefore, "establishing the chief and establishing the supervisor" reflected two parallel subsystems of the local administrative system, one was administration and the other was supervision, which belonged to the Prime Minister's Office and the Censorate respectively.

The central government also has two parallel systems for the examination of the political achievements of local administrative agencies. One is the bottom-up system, that is, the annual performance assessment report reported to the central government, including the profit and loss of household registration, land reclamation figures, tax revenue and expenditure, labor levy, local disasters and public security conditions, similar to the summary at the end of the year. This system of plan has existed in ancient times and was implemented in the Warring States Period, but now it seems that GDP is the main focus.

The second is to send the censors from top to bottom to inspect or conduct the local government. The inspected censors report to the central government the situation of local officials' governance. Just as the central government sends inspection teams to various parts of the country today, the status of local administration can be confirmed through the bottom-up and top-down inspections. The former is an assessment of the administrative system, and the latter is an assessment of the supervision system.

"Your Majesty said it is right. Those who set up a chief and set up a prisoner should benefit from banning people. However, those who rely on the chief and govern only have the remaining governance!" Ying Jieyan took over the conversation and said.

"Well, Qin and Han Dynasty established the chief and supervisor, and the original intention was to establish two systems that were not subordinate to each other to play a role in checks and balances, so as to prevent local officials from using power for personal gain. However, since both the chief and the supervisor were under the unified leadership of the county magistrate and each had their own scope of interests, it was difficult to play a role of mutual restraint. Its influence and role were limited, and it was impossible to achieve long-term and effective management." Zhao Bing pondered for a moment and said.

"That's true." Ying Jieyan said, "Before Qin, the local chiefs personally went to the court to make plans. However, since the Western Han Dynasty, the county and state ministers no longer made plans by themselves, but instead sent chief officials or chief officials to make plans. The administrative agencies of local counties and counties in the Han Dynasty specially designed the number of counties in the Han Dynasty was more than that in Qin, and there were 103 counties. Every year at the turn of autumn and winter, the officials came to the capital to make plans."

"But the promotion and demotion of county magistrates are all based on the order of the above-mentioned examination courses. Then, the Prime Minister's Office cannot verify the content of the county magistrate's plan one by one. The county magistrate and the lieutenant have great power in the local area. If they collude with the supervisor, they can completely cover up the sky, engage in corruption and accept bribes at will. The policies and measures issued by the central government are convenient and distorted, which is called the top-down policy and countermeasures. Therefore, the central government also needs to manage the local administrative system more effectively from top to bottom to ensure that the court's management of the local area is as easy as the arm and fingers, and it can operate freely."

"Mo Zi once said: One eye is not as good as the two eyes; one ear is not as good as the two ears; one ear is not as good as the two ears; one hand is not as strong as the two hands. It means that listening is both clear and clear. In addition to using plan books as the basis for the assessment of local officials, in the early Han Dynasty, the county supervisors were sent to the three auxiliary county officials to investigate the imperial edicts, and the supervisors were updated in two years. The case was reported by the moon to report the matter and initiate the court to directly supervise the local area." As soon as Ying Jieyan finished speaking, Liu Fu continued.

"Yes, this is a good thing to curb the protection of the chief and the supervisor, and it has been adopted by future generations!" Zhao Bing nodded, but he always felt that the two of them had off topic and seemed to have some other meaning...
Chapter completed!