After having a direction of thinking, Li Su did not hesitate and ordered Zhou Bing:

"Mr. Zhou, I see that the wind that you give fuel to the fuel when you smelting iron is directly injected with cold air. Can you increase the bellows? The wind that smelted in is first in a preheated furnace kiln for a period of time, and then preheat the gas storage kiln outside with the fire gas or peat from the fire well.

When the wind is hot to a certain extent, then blow it into the main furnace where the iron is to be smelted? The reason why the furnace temperature of the main furnace is only 10% higher than that of pure copper is difficult to raise. I think the key is that the cold air that is blown in is too cold and takes away too much heat. If the combustion air itself is hot, it may not be difficult to heat the furnace temperature by 10%."

In fact, the ancients themselves could slowly summarize this trick later - it was difficult to find direct evidence from the iron craftsmanship, but there was clear iron proof from the development of the ceramic industry.

During the Han Dynasty, the reason why the furnace fired the porcelain kilns were made of original porcelain with earthy yellow glaze instead of pure blue celadon from the Tang and Song dynasties was that the furnace temperature was insufficient.

Later, when the Tang and Song dynasties burned pure celadon, they relied on preheating the blower of the kiln before sucking in, reducing heat loss. The "Sky Blue Ru Kiln" in the Song Dynasty was so mature that it showed that the furnace temperature of the kiln was at least 1,300,000 degrees at that time.

In the same era, no matter what kiln is burned, it is actually the same when pursuing the extreme temperature. The iron smelting furnace in the Han Dynasty could only burn 1,200 degrees, so the original porcelain kiln was also 1,220. There were 1,340 iron smelting in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and naturally 1,340 porcelain burning.

After pointing out this layer of window paper, the bottleneck limit of the furnace temperature of 1,200 degrees is certainly not difficult to break through.

After listening to Li Su's suggestion, Zhou Bing suddenly opened a new world: "Turn the fire-burning wind from cold wind to hot wind... "Burn the wind before blowing into the furnace? Wizard... It's the wizard's idea! Let's try it right away! Give me three days to modify the vent in front of the furnace and add a furnace that stores wind."

Li Su would not ask about the specific construction details. Anyway, he provided the idea of ​​"to increase the furnace temperature as much as possible, and to delay the molten iron becoming more and more pure, and the melting point becomes higher and higher and solidified in advance". How to operate it is the business of the craftsman.

After this is achieved, when the temperature of the molten iron becomes higher and higher, and if there is a new reducing agent to remove phosphorus, sulfur and carbon, it will allow the craftsmen to slowly figure out the fine-tuned formulas. Even if Li Su knows the chemical equations, he doesn't know how to find a reducing agent carrier with sufficient purity in nature, only craftsmen can do it.

...

Li Su took Zhuge Liang to take observation and analysis as the main focus, and guided the country as the auxiliary. He quietly observed for a few days. After the renovation of the blower preheating furnace was completed, he accepted it again.

The result this time was indeed much better. Zhou Bing and his apprentices spent a whole day to refine a pot of iron. Zhou Bing relied on his eyes to estimate the temperature by measuring the color changes of the flame and the iron, saying that it was "at least 20% higher than the temperature of the copper melting furnace." Li Su silently calculated in his mind and confirmed that it was at least 1,300 degrees.

Under the action of the reducing agent, the inferior molten iron continues to precipitate the slag, which is all impurities of carbon and phosphorus and sulfur, becoming more and more pure. It should have solidified because of its high purity, but now it continues to react until it can no longer be precipitated. Most of the remaining impurities are carbon, and then solidifies into a red-hot state.

"It's too fast! I have been refining iron for more than 30 years, but I have never seen impurities force out of the slag so quickly! When I was smelting iron in Xingyang Furnace, these impurities that could burn out ghost fire had to be burned for a whole day before they could be forced out!"

When Zhou Bing saw the result, he was so amazed that he was fascinated by the fact that he was so amazed.

As the prefect, Chen Shi was not aware of the fact that he followed Li Su to observe. He did not understand the principles at all, but this did not prevent Chen Shi from thinking that Li Su was following the same.

Li Su was not proud either. He knew where his abilities were boundaries, so he just calmly told the craftsmen to continue working hard according to this idea.

After the inspection, Li Su thought of Zhuge Liang who was following him and said, "Aliang, you should tell me that raising the furnace temperature can accelerate iron smelting, prevent the iron from condensed, and make production faster. What common truths have you learned from it?"

Zhuge Liang did not come back from his leisurely despair just now. He reflected quickly in his mind and was silent for a long time before he woke up like a night drum and a morning bell:

"Mr. Li, what I saw these days has caused me to hear something. Do you still remember that two months ago, you took me to the teahouse and bathhouse in Pi County, and traveled everywhere in the mill. When you walked to a mill with poor business, you told me that because there were not enough people around the country to grind rice, you were unhappy in the mill, and occasionally you took on some work of grinding noodles.

He also said that since the milling workshop was opened, the workers were asked to pay attention to fire prevention and the milling surface should not be dusted and powdered, otherwise the flour would explode. Later, you found a safe house and demonstrated the power of flour explosion to me. He also said that the flour was unevenly mixed with the qi of heaven and earth, so it was not very powerful. If it was completely mixed evenly, it was possible to blow up the mill.

A few days ago, when I was passing by Zigong, you took me to visit the fire gas well and boiled salt. I also taught me how to identify whether the bamboo tube that transports fire gas leaks. I also said that once the fire gas leaks, it will explode when mixed with the weather. The more fully and evenly the mixture becomes, the more violent it will explode. I also found a safe place to demonstrate the fire gas explosion to me..."

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Zhuge Liang did not directly answer Li Su's question, but instead thoughtfully mentioned two examples that Li Su had told him when he was experiencing the world since the slack season in the twelfth lunar month.

Although Li Su didn't hear the answer he wanted, he also realized Zhuge Liang's ideas and gradually showed a gratified smile: "So, what is your conclusion?"

Zhuge Liang took a deep breath and concluded: "Today I looked at the method of smelting iron from ancient times to the present, and the 'all things in the world divided into solid, liquid and gas' that Master Li once taught me, I realized a truth:

The way to transform all things in heaven and earth is to mix and combine two types of qi and use it to induce it. The transformation is the fastest, just like fire and weather air.

Secondly, the mixture of gas and liquid and gas powder is mixed. The liquid thing should be as fine as clouds and mist, and the solid state is as fine as smoke powder, the thinner the faster the more fine it is.

Again, the two liquids are mixed with the trigger, and the solid powder is mixed with the liquid, and the two powders are mixed again. The slowest is like the method of making steel, the two solid states are mixed, and the material is not even powder, only large pieces. In this way, only the surface of the contact between the two solids can be transformed and changed, which is extremely slow.

In order to speed up the production of the method of transforming all things, you must try to turn solid into powder, powder into liquid, liquid into gas, and fully mix. If you have me and I have you, the more evenly you are, the faster the transformation of all things."

Li Su finally showed a satisfied expression.

Although he could not teach Zhuge Liang chemistry, he had mastered the simple general outline of the rapid and slow chemical reaction speed: the more uniform the two reactants are mixed, the larger the contact area, the more sufficient the reaction, and the faster the reaction.

The principle of the iron smelting efficiency improved by craftsmen such as Zhou Bing is actually the same as "a whole piece of metal sodium is thrown into water, and it takes ten seconds to completely burn it into caustic soda", while "a gram of sodium powder is thrown into water, and the reaction is completed in three seconds".

Zhuge Liang's thinking became increasingly unrestrained, because he was not bound by chemistry, and his imagination was so rich that he was free to deduce it at will. After Li Su had already praised him for his satisfaction, Zhuge Liang continued to talk nonstop:

"Mr. Li, I also think that the way of transforming all things is actually quite similar to the military strategy in terms of speed: the two pieces of matter are transformed into each other, like two armies fighting each other, one is me and the other is an enemy. Before the transformation, there are two vibrant armies. After the transformation is completed, it is like the battle between the two armies, and they all turn into corpses.

When two solid objects fight each other, they are like two armies fighting in a daze. Only the soldiers in the front row can kill the enemy and be killed by the enemy. After the front row dies and falls down, the back row can be engaged in the fight and continue to change their lives.

When liquid and gaseous things are mixed and transformed, it is like the formations of the two armies that have been loose and mixed before the war begins. Each soldier is already adjacent to potential enemy soldiers. Once the inducement of transformation comes, it will be like a golden drum, and both sides can kill each other. At this time, everyone can reach the enemy immediately, kill the enemy and be killed, and the entire army will die without a few breaths..."

Li Su was stunned: Fortunately, I haven't taught you the concept of molecular atoms yet, otherwise would you compare molecules to soldiers and atoms to organs?

What kind of weird brains and association ability are you? You can see dust and gas explosions and iron smelting. As for how evil you learn from one example and apply it to others...

Li Su quickly helped to turn the steering wheel and stepped on the brakes on the coach's seat: "Stop and stop... A Liang, what you said just now cannot be said to be unreasonable, but this metaphor is still slightly ambiguous. It is a good thing for you to have this mind to study things and seek knowledge, but don't make sense, so as not to be strong and think that you don't know yourself."

Zhuge Liang then came to his senses and said introspectively: "My metaphors are indeed reckless, and I would like to ask Master Li to teach me what is wrong..."

"This..." Li Su thought about it over and over again, but didn't know how to explain it, so he had to use his own language to discuss the simple philosophical idea that "the world is composed of several levels of basic particles" with Zhuge Liang.

After all, he is not good at directly responding to the answer. Without the support of experimental data, he is not good at straightforward words. He can only be a little more philosophical.

But let alone, Zhuge Liang actually understood the philosophical model of "molecules/atoms" and thought it made sense.

"Damn... do you want to accept it so quickly? What else will I teach you next time?" Li Su was also worried, so he was not offside. For this reason, he repeatedly warned,

"A Liang, don't think that what I said is correct. Exploring all things must be based on investigating things and seeking knowledge. Now our means of observing everything and being limited by the tools we have faked can't see the origin of the way of heaven.

For example, if the ancients did not have a fire mirror, they would not see the velvet structure similar to snowflakes at the end of the hair. People today can see that it is not that our intelligence is higher than that of the ancients, but... a gentleman is not different in nature, but good at things. Therefore, those things that we still cannot see clearly now should not be based on experience. If new observation conditions are available in the future, if the observed results do not match our rough experience, we must always accept them humbly. You cannot learn it!"

Li Su was really unable to organize the words, so he had to use the words "Xunzi" to criticize them.
Chapter completed!