Section 5 The Jurchens after the fall of the Jin Kingdom

The servant, the chief aunt in leather hat, has a high crown and is better than Liujia. He has a Jurchen girl from a thousand households, and the thirteen is petite and calls for tea.

In 1234 AD, the Jin Kingdom was destroyed by the Mongols and lasted for a total of 120 years. So how did the once prosperous Jurchens end up dying step by step?

During the Jin Dynasty, there were about 2 million Jurchen Meng Anmooke who stayed in the northeastern region. They mainly lived in the Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. During the Yuan Dynasty, this area was under the jurisdiction of Lingbei Province, and later became the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province.

.There are also some Jurchens living in what is now Russia, and some in North Korea. In the last years of the Jin Dynasty, wars were frequent, and many of these Jurchens migrated out, resulting in a sharp decline in the population of the Northeast. There are still a considerable number of Jurchens living in

He moved eastward to the Dongzhen Kingdom founded by Pu Xianwannu. Pu Xianwannu was a famous general of the Jin Kingdom and once led an army to resist the Mongols. In 1215 AD, Pu Xianwannu betrayed the Jin Kingdom and established itself, founded Dazhen, and changed Yuan Tiantai.

Later, he surrendered to Mongolia, but betrayed Mongolia again and stood on his own. In 1218, he established the Dongzhen Kingdom in the mountain city of Mopan Village, Tumen, Jilin Province. Later, he followed Mongolia and Goryeo to encircle and suppress the Khitan uprising army, and has occupied the eastern part of Liaodong since 1233.

, Puxian Wannu was killed by the Mongols, and the Dongzhen Kingdom was destroyed. Later, according to investigation, it was found that the Dongzhen Kingdom existed as a dependent state of the Yuan Dynasty for several decades.

The Jurchens of the Yuan Dynasty refer in a narrow sense to the Jurchen descendants of the Jin Dynasty who lived on both sides of the Songhua River in the north. In a broad sense, they refer to the various ethnic groups of the Tungus language family in the Northeast including the Jurchens, especially those from the Yilou family, who were called Jurchens in the Yuan Dynasty.

The Huli Gai people who gave birth to girls (the ancestors of the Jurchens who gave birth to Jurchens in the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchens who founded Jianzhou in the Ming Dynasty, and the Manchus in the future). Although the Yilou and Huli Gai people had also integrated into the Jurchen people in small numbers before, the Huli Gai people were born in the Yuan Dynasty.

There was little relationship with the Jurchens in the previous generation. At that time, Wuchun, the leader of the Wendu tribe of Huli Gai, once said: "How can it be possible for dogs to produce offspring if they have so many children together? How can Huli Gai and Jurchens get married." Therefore,

The Jurchens recorded in the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" have many other names besides the title "Nvzhi". Why are the Jurchens also called Nvzhi? This is because when Yelu Zongzhen, Xingzong of Liao Dynasty, was in power, in order to

To avoid the emperor's taboo, the Jurchens were called Nvzhi. However, later research in the history of the Yuan Dynasty showed that Nvzhen was not a general term for Jurchens in the broad sense, but another name for Jurchens in the narrow sense. It does not include the messy ethnic minorities, nor does it necessarily include

Jurchens scattered within the Great Wall. The actual Jurchens recorded in the historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty are basically Jurchens from the Northeast region, and there are few records of Jurchens from other regions. The reason for this situation is very likely that the Yuan Dynasty

The Jurchens who are distributed in the Songhua River Basin and the areas east and north of the Songhua River are called by their native names instead of being called Jurchens in general. It is also possible that they were called based on the production characteristics of these people at that time. The second reason is that the people living within the Great Wall

Most of the Jurchens have integrated into the Han people. On the other hand, these Jurchens have now lost their political power and are no longer the upper class of the country. They are few in number and are afraid of receiving revenge from their previous enemies, so they dare not call themselves

Jurchens. This is probably why the Jurchens in the Great Wall are rarely mentioned in Yuan history.

There is no general introduction to the distribution area of ​​Nvzhi in the Yuan Dynasty. However, judging from clues, these Jurchens should be scattered in places such as Liaoyang Road and the south of Kaiyuan Road in Yuan Dynasty. The distribution area of ​​Nvzhi is as far north as Jilin and Heilongjiang.

At the junction of the provinces, it reaches the Liaodong Peninsula in the south, the Yalu River in the east, the two banks of the Liao River in the west, and Shanhaiguan in the southwest. The Jurchens living in this area became residents of the Liaodong Directly Administered Guards after the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Because they

They have lived together with the Han and other ethnic minorities for a long time. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, their ethnic characteristics had basically disappeared, and most of them merged into the Han or other ethnic minorities. These people were not the direct ancestors of the later Manchus.

During the 120 years of the existence of the Jin Kingdom, it was the time when the Jurchens absorbed Han culture extensively and deeply. Jurchen society developed rapidly during this period. During this period, the Jurchens who entered the Northeast region, including those who entered North China,

The real people gradually merged with the Han people until they were completely assimilated. After the fall of the Jin Kingdom, many Jurchens died in the war, and some were driven back to their hometowns, and later began to disperse throughout the Northeast. After the founding of Mongolia, the treatment of women

The Zhenren, a nation that had destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, were very afraid of the Jurchens, so they began to think of ways to strengthen management and rule over the Jurchens. In order to control the Jurchens, the Yuan Dynasty established many institutions. At the beginning, it established two ten thousand households in Kaiyuan and Nanjing, and later

Many Wanhu prefectures were successively established to manage the north. These institutions were all personally staffed by Mongolians. These people had local military and political power. During the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, several more Xuanfu departments were established. Later, in Liaoyang and other

The Xingzhongshu Province was established in the land, and the Jurchens were also subject to the jurisdiction of the province. Under the Wanhu Office, many Thousand Household Offices were also established.

According to historical records, after the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Jin Kingdom, the old place of Fuyu was changed to Kaiyuan Road, Huanglong Mansion was the seat of the government, and five military and civilian mansions were established. These five are: Jiang, Oranggai, and Geligai.

In the Tang Dynasty, it was called the Huhan River, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties it was called the Huerha River, which is now Mudanjiang. Some historical books call it "Heluoga", and based on this, they believe that it is not the Mudanjiang River, but the Wusuli River. This is not accurate; Huli River

The old city was rerouted to be the Five Kingdoms City on the south bank of the Songhua River outside the north gate of Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province. The second one is Oduolian (Oduoli) Wanhufu. The first one is Oduoli, Oduoli

, its administrative seat should be near Madatun on the west bank of Mudanjiang River in Yilanxi today. Thirdly, Taowen (Tuowen) Wanhu Prefecture. Taowen is Taowen River, also known as Taowen, Taotun, and Tuntun.

, that is, today's Tangwang River, the government is located in Gumuna City on the right bank of the present Tangwang River mouth. The fourth is Wanhu Mansion on the Bugujiang River. The Bokujiang River, once called the Bugu River, is the Nenjiang River, and governs today's Fujin County, Heilongjiang. The fifth

, Tuoulin Wanhufu. Tuoulin, first known as Tuoguolin, Tuoquanlin, was located near the Wanliutong River in the northeast of Huachuan County, Heilongjiang Province. In addition, "Manchuria Source Research" said Huli was changed to Hu'er

Ha, is the name of Tahe River in ancient times; Oduolian was also revised to Edoli, which is the original birthplace of the Qing Dynasty. The scope of the five Wanhu Prefectures is very wide, with Yilan County as the center, extending to the Sea of ​​Japan in the east and Taoer in the west.

The river passes through Heilongjiang in the north and the middle and lower reaches of Mudanjiang in the south. In fact, each Wanhu Prefecture is a Jurchen tribe, and of course it is a relatively large Jurchen tribe. During the Yuan Dynasty, the production and living conditions of the Jurchens in the Northeast were better than those living in the Northeast.

The Jurchens in the southern part of the region are worse. The Jurchens who live in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the Ussuri River Basin and the junction of the lower reaches of the Songhua River and the Heilongjiang River do not have cities and towns. They still live by water and grass and fish and hunt as their occupation. In order to prevent the Jurchens from resisting, the Yuan Dynasty

Jurchens have been explicitly prohibited from using bows and arrows for hunting. Later, when the situation in the Northeast gradually stabilized, the Yuan Dynasty government abolished this ban, and Jurchens could hunt with bows and arrows again. In addition, the Yuan Dynasty government also imposed very heavy taxes on Jurchens.

According to historical records, during the reign of Yuan Shunzong, 4,367 Jurchen households in Kaiyuan Road paid taxes, and 20,960 Jurchen households in Helan Prefecture paid taxes. The same is true for Jurchens in other places. If those engaged in farming in Liaoyang area

The Jurchens, like other Han people, paid the same taxes. Some Jurchens were organized to work in the fields. The Jurchens who were engaged in the fishing and hunting industry also had to pay tribute "fangwu", which mainly refers to fish, mink skins, and otter skins.

, seal skins and other precious furs, and Haidongqing was also loved by Yuan rulers and nobles. It can be seen that both Mongolian nobles and Khitan nobles have a special liking for Haidongqing. The Jurchens must also pay tribute on time.

Haidongqing was given to Mongolia. Some Jurchens were designated as station households and households that mined gold, silver, cinnabar, mercury, etc. They had to perform special labor. Station households were the names of Yuan Dynasty household registrations, and station households were required to bear station services. Station households

There are water and land. Boats are used for water channels, and horses, cattle, dogs, etc. are used for land roads. Therefore, there are boat station households, horse station households, cattle station households, etc. In the fourth year of Zhongtong (1263), Yuan Dynasty

The government recruited 3,000 garrison troops in Shui Dada and Qilebin. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), another 2,000 Jurchens were recruited as guards.

During the Eastern Conquest of Japan, the Yuan government also called on the Jurchen Army several times.

Heavy taxes and corvees intensified the conflict between the Jurchens and the Mongols, causing the Jurchens to rise up in rebellion. By 1287 AD, several princes rebelled, and the Jurchens also took the opportunity to unite with them to rebel. After Kublai Khan put down the rebellion,

Severe punishment measures were taken against those Jurchens who participated in the rebellion. Some Jurchens were sent to their original places for strict supervision, some were exiled to the south, and some were stationed in Yangzhou and other places. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols

There was turmoil in the rule, and the Jurchens in the Northeast once again raised the banner of rebellion. In 1348 AD, the Jurchens Suohuonu claimed to be descendants of the Jin Dynasty, and gathered many people in the Liaodong region to rebel against the Yuan Dynasty, but failed. Later, it continued

There were Jurchens who claimed to be descendants of the Jin Dynasty and joined the anti-Yuan ranks, but they all ended in failure because the time was not ripe at that time. Of course, there were also many privet people who chose to cooperate with the Yuan government. Among the Yuan army establishment

There were many Jurchens, and there were also many Jurchen generals in Mongolia.

At the end of the Jin Dynasty, the country was extravagant and corrupt, and military discipline was ruined. With the rise of the Mongols, some Jin officials felt that their future was in doubt, so they surrendered to Mongolia. There was a Jin noble named Zhanhe Chongshan who surrendered to Mongolia very early.

.And he has been serving as a high official in the Yuan Dynasty, and later his descendants also held official positions in the Yuan Dynasty. There were many famous Jurchen ministers and generals who attached to the Yuan Dynasty, such as Zhao Liangbi, Wugu Sunze, Wugu Sunliangzhen and his son, Jiagu Zhiqi, etc.

Zhao Liangbi, courtesy name Fuzhi, was born in Zhaozhou (now Zanhuang, Hebei Province). His surname was Shuyaojia, but the pronunciation was incorrectly pronounced as "Zhao Jia", so he took Zhao as his surname. He was a famous diplomat in the Yuan Dynasty, and the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty was the pacifier of Xingzhou.

Chief of Staff, Xuanfu envoy to Shaanxi and other roads, pacification envoy to Jianghuai, Economic Envoy, secretary and supervisor of Shaozhong doctor, etc. Wugu Sunze, courtesy name Runfu, was born in Linhuang (now Balinzuo Banner, Inner Mongolia), and worked in the Yuan Dynasty

He was appointed as the Governor of Zhundong and the Honest Visiting Envoy of Fujian. Sun Liangzhen of Wugu, whose courtesy name was Zhenqing and whose name was Yuezhai, was born in Linhuang. During the Yuan Dynasty to Zhengzheng period, he was appointed Zuocheng and concurrently as Chief Nongqing. Jiagu Zhiqi, whose courtesy name was Shichang,

A native of Tengzhou, Shandong Province, he was summoned by Kublai Khan and became the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel.

During the period when Mongolia was founded and consolidated, many Jurchen generals had great military exploits and outstanding achievements. There are many such examples, such as Zhu Du, Liu Guojie, Li Ting and others. These people all played great roles in the Yuan Dynasty's conquests.

.So in the early years after the founding of Mongolia, these people had been serving as high-ranking officials and held military power in their hands. Their descendants have also been serving in the Yuan Dynasty, and some even served as meritorious ministers of the Yuan Dynasty for several generations. In short, Mongolian rule

During this period, many Jurchens served as military commanders or local officials, and some Jurchens chose to engage in business or farming, and were scattered throughout the country. In the Yuan Dynasty, the distribution range of Jurchens even exceeded that of the Jin Dynasty.

After the integration process between the Jurchens and the Han people in the Jin Dynasty, by the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchens were almost culturally the same as the Han people. They began to intermarry with Han people in large numbers. This situation not only happened to ordinary Jurchens, but also to many women.

Real aristocrats and Jurchen generals have also begun to intermarry with Han people in large numbers. More and more great scholars are appearing among the Jurchens, and these people have rich cultural qualities. In the Yuan Dynasty's academic institution in charge of the atlas, the Secretary Prison,

There are also many Jurchen officials. In addition, some Jurchens are quite accomplished in academic culture and other aspects. Jiagu Zhiqi, a Hanlin bachelor in the Yuan Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, and the official minister, was a disciple of the famous scholar Kang Ye. He was ignored

He must be reused, and he was promoted to the Ministry of Finance. He "thought carefully, understood the general, and did not ignore the details, and his political performance was outstanding." It is worth mentioning that Jiagu Zhiqi also had a close friendship with Zhao Mengpin.

Hou. Another example is Bishu Luzhong, who once served as a supervisory censor, a Hanlin compiler, a state minister, and a political participant in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. He was a famous scholar and educator. "When he was twenty, he was known as a great Confucian." In addition,

There are also cultural celebrities such as Odun Zhouqing, a famous Yuan opera artist, Li Zhifu, a dramatist, and Liu Ruoshui, a poet, calligrapher and painter. Odun Zhouqing once served as a judge in the Huaimeng Road General Mansion and served as an imperial censor. Li Zhifu was a Jurchen Pucha surname and was known as "Pucha"

"Li Wu", once served as the envoy to suppress the government in Hunan, and authored twelve kinds of plays, such as "Tiger Head Brand", "Nian Nu Jiao Yue", "Bo Dao Abandoned Son", "Wrong Standing", etc. Liu Ruoshui's courtesy name is Danzhai,

A native of Jiangyin, he was an official and became a general manager. He was good at poetry, calligraphy, and "liked to play Gu Han". His son was like his father and "was also good at seal script." Not only that, Du Shi, who was proficient in many ethnic languages, was also a Jurchen.

, the two men went to Tubo (today's Tibet) three times to explore the source of the Yellow River on the orders of Kublai Khan. They opened waterways, built ships, built towns, and carried out great practices for the development of the western region for the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.

In short, during the Yuan Dynasty, although the Jurchens who still lived in the Northeast region retained the name Jurchen, they eventually merged with other ethnic groups in the Northeast and became part of the Manchu people. Most of the Jurchens in the Central Plains region

They were all integrated into the Han nationality. Therefore, among the Han people, one of the four types of people classified by grade in the Yuan Dynasty, they also included the Jurchens who had been Sinicized. In addition, there were the Bohai people, the Khitan people and the Han people outside the Southern Song Dynasty. Of course, there were also some Jurchens

Integrated into the Mongolian people, some even merged with the Mongolian people to become the Xibe people, and even a small part integrated into the Korean people.

This section introduces the fourth generation emperor of the Jin Kingdom - King Hailing.

Wanyan Liang (1122～1161), the emperor of the Jin Dynasty, also known as the Jin Fei Emperor, also known as the Hailing King, was of the Jurchen clan. Zi Yuan Gong, whose real name was Digunai. The eldest grandson of Aguda, the concubine of Jin Taizu, and the second son of the King of Liao clan. He had been since childhood.

He was smart and studious, and once worshiped Han Confucian Zhang Yongzhi as his teacher. In the third year of Tianjuan (1140), he was awarded the title of General Fengkou by Xizong, and went to serve in front of Zongbi's army, King of Liang Dynasty. He was ambitious as a young man, high-spirited, brave in battle, leading the troops, and then added

He was resourceful and resourceful, and was awarded the rank of Marching Ten Thousand Households. Soon he was promoted to General of Hussars. In the Fourth Army of the Emperor's Tong Dynasty (1144), he was also named General of the Dragon and Tiger Guards and was ordered to guard the central capital. In the seventh year of the Emperor's Tong Period (1147), he was appointed as the Prime Minister of Zuo, Shangshu.

In the ninth year of the emperor's reign (1149), he launched a palace coup, killed Xizong, and established himself as emperor. In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhenyuan (1150), he abolished Xingtai, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, and established only Shangshu Province. In the first year of Zhenyuan (

1153) Moved the capital to Yanjing south of the Great Wall and changed its name to Zhongdu (today's Beijing). In order to consolidate imperial power, suppress a large number of aristocratic opposition, a large number of Han, Khitan, and Bohai people were appointed to run the government. The five capital system was established, the central government system was abolished, and

The Marshal's Mansion was reorganized into the Privy Council, and the imperial court appointed privy envoys and deputy envoys in charge of military affairs. In the first year of Zhenglong (1156), the "Zhenglong official system" was promulgated. At this point, the reform of the central official system was completed. During his reign, the Jurchens continued to be encouraged to go south to cultivate farmland.

A large amount of banknotes were printed (the banknotes were called "Jiaochao") and coins were minted. In order to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, Bianjing was built, and troops and ships were mobilized. In the sixth year of Zhenglong (1161), people of all ethnic groups were forced to attack the Song Dynasty. At this time, Wan Yanyong (Jin Shizong)

) took the opportunity to depose King Hailing in Liaoyang, proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Dading. Wanyan Liang was defeated by the Song army while quarrying stones, and when he went east to Guazhou, he was killed by his general Wanyan Yuanxuan and his son Wang Xiang. In the second year of Dading, Emperor Shizong

(1162) Jin Shizong went down to the marsh and conferred him the title of Hailing County Prince, with the posthumous title "Yang". He was buried in the cemetery of the kings of Lumen Valley in Dafang Mountain. In the 22nd year, Shizong issued another edict and consecrated him to the common people of Hailing.

Magpie Bridge Immortal·Waiting for the Moon

Wan Yanliang

Stop raising the cup, stop singing, wait for the silver toad to go out to sea.

A cloud comes from nowhere and creates a huge obstacle that reaches the sky.

His beard was twisted, his starry eyes were wide open, and he only hated the sharp edge of the sword.

Cut off Ziyun's waist with one wave, and look carefully at Chang'e's posture.

Wanyan Liang was called the King of Hailing by the Jin Dynasty. He was once the king of the Jin Dynasty. He later killed Wanyan Dan, Emperor Xizong of the Jin Dynasty, and established himself. After he took the throne, he planned to invade the Song Dynasty. It is said that Liu Yong's poem about Qiantang in "Wang Haichao" spread far and wide.

"When the gold master Liang heard about it, he was delighted to admire the osmanthus seeds and lotus flowers in Sanqiu, so he decided to throw a whip to cross the river." ("Helin Jade Dew") In the sixth year of Zhenglong (1161), the Mid-Autumn Festival was approaching in August, and Wan Yanliang was celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival.

When Fu Yue did not arrive, he wrote this poem. Wan Yanliang "knows books quite well and is good at writing poems. His words are always strong and powerful, and he has the intention of not being inferior to others." (桯史) (His temperament is strong and hard-working, and he is enterprising.

The whole poem is full of domineering force, expressing his arrogant and arrogant spirit.
To be continued...