Section 6: Planning and granting farmland in Liaoshen area

Take away my Yuan minister, and the situation in Tianjiao will be peaceful. If Zongze is here, he is willing to accept the Jurchen's blackmail. The situation is like this, and mediocre talents can do nothing. The loyal soul is not ignorant, and Jiwei's tears are pouring down.

After the Battle of Sarhu, the balance of power between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty in the Liaodong region was completely reversed, so Nurhaci became more unscrupulous in using troops in the Liaodong region. Two months after the Battle of Sarhu, Nurhachi captured the important town. Kaiyuan, and then captured Tieling. The loss of these two cities further worsened the situation of the Ming Dynasty in the Liaodong region. The Liao-Shenyang barrier was lost, and Shenyang and Liaoyang were directly exposed to the military front of the Later Jin Dynasty. A.D. In 1621, Nurhaci personally led an army to attack Shenyang. The Shenyang defender underestimated the enemy and was defeated by the Later Jin army. Another Shenyang general led his army to fight to the death. As a result, some Mongolians in the army rebelled and led the Later Jin army into the city. Shenyang fell and the city 70,000 soldiers and civilians were killed. On the fifth day after the city of Shenyang was broken, Nurhachi planned to attack Liaoyang, the capital of Liaodong. At this time, the morale of the famous troops in the northeastern region was already very low, so Liaoyang was soon captured again. Yuan Yingtai, the manager of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty He committed suicide, and all the officials in more than 70 cities in the Liaohe area had their heads shaved.

On the 18th day of the first lunar month of the following year, Nurhachi led an army to attack the important town of Guangning. Although the Ming army was large in number and equipped with a large number of firearms, the problem of factional struggle in the Battle of Sarhu still existed, and the struggle was still fierce. The most obvious The only point is that the generals were at odds, so the Ming army was naturally no match for the Hou Jin army. In order to find a scapegoat, the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty executed Xiong Tingbi, who was the only one Nurhaci was afraid of. From then on, Nurhaci did not fight again for several years. Encountered a decent opponent. While Nurhaci dominated Liaodong militarily, he also tried to build the Houjing into a powerful empire with complete systems. In April of the first year of Tianqi, Nurhachi ordered some surrendered officials of the Ming Dynasty to follow the Ming Dynasty The laws and regulations were reported to the imperial court for the revision of the rule of law in the Jin Kingdom. In order to maintain the stability of the occupied areas, Nurhaci first used Han officials to manage the Han people and maintain the original feudal production relations. In fact, except for Nurhachi's unyielding military affairs, In other aspects of Hou Jin's rule, there were many serious problems.

Chu Ying is the eldest son of Nurhaci. He inherited his father's bravery and strategy. And because he is the eldest son, according to the Jurchen custom of the eldest son inheriting the family business, Nurhaci intended to train and train him as a leader of the regime from the beginning. In 1598 AD, Chu Ying, who was only 19 years old, was ordered by his father to follow his uncle to conquer many places within Ye He's sphere of influence. Chu Ying was young and brave, invincible, and captured more than 20 villages in succession, achieving great results. For this battle, he was awarded the title of Baylor. In 1613 AD, Nurhaci appointed Chu Ying as the ruler and put all military and state affairs in her charge. Obviously, Nurhaci's move was to announce to everyone that Chu Ying was the legal heir. Chu Ying and Like his father, he hoped to build the Jurchen Empire into a mature empire. However, after taking power, Chu Ying faced huge resistance and even many murderous attempts. After Nurhachi established the power, he established five ministers. They all led their subordinates to come early. The tribal chiefs who defected to Nurhaci, and in the early days, Nurhachi was only recognized by them as the leader of the tribal alliance. As they struggled to follow Nurhaci, their prestige increased day by day, and the power in their hands also grew. Later, they gradually evolved The five ministers are in charge of the system.

However, in order to achieve a high degree of centralization, the remnants of the five ministers-in-charge system must be eliminated. Therefore, after taking power, Chu Ying has been trying to control the power of the five ministers and others as a ruler. However, the five ministers are all experienced in many battles.

How could a hero be at the mercy of a young and inexperienced calf? So the five of them were still unwilling to cooperate with Chu Ying. And Chu Ying's younger brother Daishan, Huang Taiji and others had already coveted Chu Ying's

They also joined the five ministers in opposing Chu Ying's right to inherit the throne of Khan. Finally one day, Chu Ying couldn't bear it anymore and threatened the five ministers: "Whoever dares to oppose me will be killed as long as I inherit the throne of Khan!" Soon!

The next night, Chu Ying forced his brothers to swear allegiance to him. The five ministers and other princes went to Nurhachi to accuse Chu Ying. After all, the five ministers were just outsiders, so their words were not very fierce. But Chu Ying's younger brother

But they said to Nurhaci, my eldest brother said that after your death, all the properties of our brothers will be taken back. All brothers who are at odds with him will be killed in the future. Nurhachi knows that it is not time to strengthen military power.

It was the best time, so it was a bit too hasty to complain about Chu Ying. At this time, Nurhachi still needed the support of the five ministers and others. For the stability and continuity of the regime, Nurhachi had to reluctantly give away all the people and property that originally belonged to Chu Ying.

It was assigned to the other sons. Moreover, Chu Ying would no longer be in power or lead troops on expeditions. Nurhachi originally just wanted Chu Ying to rest for a while and then make further plans. However, the five ministers and Chu Ying's younger brothers wanted to put him away immediately.

He died. So people falsely accused Chu Ying of cursing his father, brothers and five ministers who went on the expedition, and also said to his subordinates, I hope our expedition will fail. When my father and brothers come back,

I closed the city gate to prevent them from entering. Such treacherous words reached Nurhaci’s ears. It is estimated that Nurhachi himself was also doubtful, but in order for his subordinates to be absolutely loyal and supportive to him, Nurhachi still chose to execute Chu Ying.

Even after his beloved son was killed, Nurhachi still carefully maintained the military republic system. Even after the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, he did not dare to reform the system easily. In a conversation with his sons in 1622 AD, Nurhachi proposed to implement the Eight Great Heshuo after his death.

The conception of the Beile co-governance system. In 1615 AD, Nurhachi established the eight-phase Niu recording system. The banner owners were all Nurhachi's brothers, sons, nephews, etc., and the banner owner Beile gradually formed eight families. Later, the Eight Beile

Different status, power, and fame formed the four major Baylors and the four small Baylors. The four major Baylors (also known as the Four Heshuo Baylors, "Manchu Laodang. Taizu. Volume 19" records: "Heshuo" refers to the southeast

, northeast, southwest and northwest square corners) are: the eldest Beile Daishan (the second son of Nurhachi), the second eldest Beile Amin (the second son of Shuerhaqi), the third eldest Beile Manggurtai (the fifth son of Nurhaci),

The four great bele Huang Taiji (the eighth son of Nurhaci). The four lesser bele are: the great bele Azig (the twelfth son of Nurhaci), the second bele Dorgon (the fourteenth son of Nurhaci), and the third bele Dodo (the twelfth son of Nurhaci).

The fifteenth son), the fourth son of Belzier Haran (the sixth son of Shurhaqi).

At the beginning, all major events had to be decided by the four Baylors first, and then reported to Nurhaci for approval. The Eighth Congress and the Baylors co-managed the country's affairs. One is the inevitable development of the Eight Banners system, and the second is the Eighth National Congress, whose main role is

The results of long-term competition in the economic and political fields without being able to stand out. In 1626 AD, when Nurhaci was admonishing the Beile people, he stated the economic reasons for the emergence of the eight families. He said: In the past, the Jurchen tribes were greedy for money and acted wantonly.

They are selfish and unwilling to uphold loyalty. Brothers compete with each other and kill each other, but in the end they are defeated. Having learned from this experience, in the future, any property obtained must be divided equally among the eight families and cannot be taken privately by one family. Whoever makes a mistake among brothers must be punished.

Remonstrances cannot be tolerated and must be worked together. After the Eight Kings' plan, there are eight Jurchen ministers, eight Han ministers, and eight Mongolian ministers. Below the eight ministers, there are eight Jurchen officials, eight Han directors, and Mongolian directors.

There are eight officials. After being heard by the directors, they will be reported to the ministers. After the ministers draft it, they will report it to the eight kings. The eight kings will finally judge the proposed crime. According to regulations, the eight kings must denounce the treacherous and recommend the honest and upright.

To this end, the Eight Kings also assigned eighteen Jurchen Bakshis, eight Han Bakshis and eight Mongolian Bakshis. In addition, if there is a quarrel between Gushan, no one can file a complaint individually without going through the trial of Bagushan Beile.

The king of the country reports. If the Beile want to entertain, fly eagles, conduct sieges, etc., they cannot act without the consent of the eight kings. There are also regulations on the distribution of property. Except for the eight points set by the Khan's father, no property is allowed to be hidden. If

If you hide it once, you will be deprived of the property you should have distributed once; if you hide it twice, you will be deprived of the property you should have distributed twice; but if you hide the property three times, you will never receive the property again.

Nurhaci stipulated specific terms for the eight kings to govern together. The following year, each of the eight kings was assigned a minister to supervise whether they acted with a public heart.

The main contents of the Eight Kings Co-governance System are:

1. The Baylor holding the flag is the Eight and the Baylor the Shuo is the eight kings.

2. "Those who succeed me as kings should not let strong men succeed. Once such people become kings, they may rely on their own strength to do whatever they want, and will be punished by heaven." "If the eight kings discuss it together, there will be nothing wrong. Among the eight kings, there will be no mistakes."

The person who is chosen to be able to accept admonitions will be his successor as the king. If he does not accept the admonitions and does not follow the right path, the eight kings will choose the one who can accept admonitions and loves good deeds to establish him." If the person being replaced "is not willing to listen to the consultation,

He refused the request...forcibly replacing him." The new Jin Khan will be elected from the eight kings, and the eight kings will have the power to elect. After the replacement, the new Khan will have the power of Jin. This shows that Nurhachi intends to control the successor of the Khan.

The decision-making power was transferred to the Eight Kings, and the new Khan was selected through collective decision-making.

Third, "When the eight kings meet the king, they should not gather together alone or two, but all should gather together to discuss the state affairs and discuss the affairs of the state." That is to say, the eight kings and Houjin Khan govern the state affairs.

Fourth, it emphasizes the mutual supervision and restraint among the eight kings, and attempts to use collective strength to restrain the tendency of the eight kings to decentralize power. It is stipulated that the eight kings must jointly meet the king on weekdays;

It is necessary to "inform everyone for discussion" or "inform everyone and go away"; those who "do not remember the words of father Khan's instructions, do not accept the advice of brothers, and actually do disobedient things" will be punished and even imprisoned; among the eight kings, such as

If there is someone who is not qualified for the job, the remaining seven "should be replaced and his son should be chosen as the king."

Fifth, continue to implement the stipulation that the income from various incomes and captures of the Later Jin Dynasty is equally divided among the eight families, that is, the eight banners, to emphasize that the economic interests of the eight kings and the monarch are equally shared, and the latter has no privileges.

6. "The monarch visits the palace twice on the fifth and twentieth day of each month. After visiting his son to worship the gods on New Year's Eve, the monarch will first personally kowtow to all the uncles and brothers, and then sit on the khan seat and knead with the uncles and brothers who have been kowtowed by the khan. They all sit in a row and receive obeisance from the people of the country." This new court ritual further reflected that the eight kings had the potential to compete with the later Jin Dynasty Khan in politics.

The system of co-governance of eight kings has been partially implemented since it was announced. The eight beile gathered regularly at the Dazheng Hall to report important matters to the Khan. The appointment and dismissal of lower-level officials were reported to the superior officials during the discussion at the Dazheng Hall of the eight beile. Entering Liao Dynasty Before Shen, the social hierarchy of Hou Jin was divided into the upper slave-owning class such as Khan, Beile, and ministers, and the lower class such as Aha. Aha was at the bottom. After entering Liaoshen, the social system of Hou Jin changed significantly, especially the class The changes in the relationship are more prominent. The lower class must strictly follow the instructions of the Khan, Beile and the ministers. In fact, this shows that Nurhaci has gradually come into contact with the feudal ethics and morals among the Han people. In order to promote this idea, Nurhaci personally set an example When Nurhaci attacked Haixiulla and Yehe, he incorporated the people of these two tribes into the Eight Banners. Some older people in these two tribes hated Nurhachi, and Nurhaci wanted to clear up the past feud with them. There was a special banquet for two old people, and he knelt down, held the meat with both hands, and asked them to use it. This was actually promoting the etiquette of filial piety and brotherhood among the Han people. Nurhaci also asked people of all ethnic groups such as the Privets and Mongolians to put filial piety and brotherhood first. On this basis, Nurhaci also proposed the idea of ​​loyalty to the emperor. Since then, the ethical and moral concepts of monarch, minister, father and son gradually took root in the hearts of the people of the Later Jin Dynasty, helping the rulers of the Later Jin Dynasty to safeguard their interests.

During the Nurhaci period, each Jurchen noble owned a large number of slaves. As the unification war progressed, the number of slaves increased significantly. There are three sources of Aha: they were transformed from Zhushen (commoners). Civilians were reduced to Slaves, or because of poverty and debt, sold their wives and children into slavery. The second type was slaves born in the family. Baoyi Aha has been a slave for generations, and the children born to him are still slaves. They are also called "children born in the family". Their lives are, Marriage and residence must be arranged by the master. The third is war, plundering and plundering captives as slaves. This type of slaves or servants account for the majority. In the early days, the Jurchen tribes conquered each other and plundered each other's population as slaves. Later, they plundered the Han people, There were a lot of Korean slaves, mainly used for farming. Nurhaci captured even more Aha during the campaign. For example, around the twenty-sixth year of Wanli (1598), Nurhaci captured tens of thousands of Aha in various tribes in the East China Sea: Wanli In the forty-third year (1615), another 10,000 Aha were captured during the conquest of Ehekulun; while the number of captives captured during the capture of Fushun was "no less than tens of thousands", and the number of Aha added thereafter was at least four to five hundred thousand.

According to incomplete statistics, from the first year of Tianqi to the third year of Tianqi, more than 44,000 people became slaves. Later, some princes of the Qing Dynasty even recalled that the people of Liaoshen captured by the Jin Kingdom were all slaves of Manchuria. Due to the land As the country continued to expand, the number of slaves continued to increase, and the privet manor economy gradually prospered. The Nurhaci brothers and their family had a large number of manors, and the slaves who worked in them were not allowed to come in and out at will. A large slave owner often owned hundreds of A slave, the slave owner completely squeezed the blood and sweat of the slave. Moreover, the labor performed by these slaves was also different. Some were responsible for serving tea and water at home, washing and cooking, and some were responsible for going out to cut firewood and farm. According to a large number of historical materials, , the Jurchen slave owners at that time treated slaves like livestock. Slaves could be bought and sold at will, or given to others. If the slave owners were slightly dissatisfied, they would beat and scold the slaves, and even torture the slaves to death. According to the Houjin Decree , Slaves were not allowed to escape privately, and if they escaped and were caught, they would be executed.

In order to maintain the normal operation of the economy and production in a state of war, Nurhaci vigorously promoted two policies of "conservation of old industries" and "acquisition of land", which were transitional to the feudal dynasty.

On the first day of April in the first year of Tianqi (1621), that is, the eighth day after Hou Jin captured Liaoyang, the capital of Liaodong, Nurhaci formally proposed the policy of "each keeping his old business" when he advised the Han people in Haizhou, Fuzhou, and Jinzhou to surrender:

The citizens of Liaodong cities who were "obtained by fighting to the death" were not yet allowed to be killed, and everyone kept their old ways. That is to say, for the newly conquered Han people in Liaodong, they were not reduced to Aha, but were allowed to maintain the old feudal production relations.

The lands and properties of the fleeing landlords and officials were all returned to Houjin and distributed to all levels below the Khan. The promulgation of this edict was actually to implement a semi-feudal and semi-slavery system in Liaodong, and to stabilize Liaodong.

The hearts of the Han people and an active attempt to transition to a feudal empire.

Nurhaci also paid attention to protecting and giving preferential treatment to craftsmen. He ordered that the rich, businessmen, craftsmen and artists could live in the city, and everyone else had to work in the fields. In order to solve the land problem, Nurhaci implemented the plan to allocate land based on traditional industries.

System. Nurhaci issued an edict to delineate 100,000 days in Haizhou ("day" is also called "晌" or "姧"). Today, Heilongjiang and other areas still use this as the land measurement unit. Under normal circumstances, one 姧 of land is ten acres.

(or fifteen acres, that is, "big land"). "The First Collection of Wu Meng Yuan. Shan Hai Ji Wen 2" records: "Liao custom is five acres for one day." Liaodong places delineate 200,000 days for unowned fields.

According to the number of people, the Eight Banners soldiers and Han people were awarded. Even beggars and monks were "all assigned fields and cultivated diligently." The portion that was not enough was allocated from Songshanbao, Tieling, Yilu, Puhe, Fanhe, Huntuohe,

Obtained from Shenyang, Fushun, Dongzhou, Magendan, Qinghe, Gushan and other places.

The method of granting land is as follows: one man is given five days of land to plant grains and one day to plant cotton. All land is divided equally according to the number of men. No men are allowed to be hidden without paying, and beggars and monks are no exception. All land is allocated for farming.

Three men will work on the official land for another day, and one of the twenty men will serve as a soldier and the other will serve as a corvee.

In fact, this system originated from the military garrison system in the Liaodong region during the Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the military garrison system was implemented east and west of the Liaohe River. Each army was limited to fifty acres of land and rented fifteen stones to command and manage hundreds of households.

As a field officer, the commander of the capital was the governor. Later, various officials continued to embezzle, and most of the military dings were occupied by private individuals. The land followed the dings, and the more dings were occupied, the wider the area. The military camp system did not mean that individual dings occupied land, most of them were occupied by individuals.

Ding occupies an area, and large households occupy ding, and some large households occupy ding. In the end, the ding system becomes a mere formality, while large households occupy ding and cannot be calculated. Nurhachi modified the Ming system to adapt to his own needs in order to stabilize the situation.

Social order. Under the system of "accounting dings for land granting", the original Ming Dynasty's middle and lower-level officials such as generals, guerrillas, preparers, and fort guards were assigned dings ranging from a few hundred dings to a few hundred dings or even a thousand dings. This is

This system also laid the foundation for the transition of the Later Jin Dynasty to the feudal system. In addition, the 200,000 days of the five guards in Liaodong and the 100,000 days of the four guards in southern Liaoning had no owner's land, which was very important for solving the military supplies, horses, and equipment of the Eight Banners soldiers.

It played a big role.

On the third day of June of the same year, Nurhaci set up a market in Xiguan, Liaoyang. The market price and taxation system were "imitated from the Ming Dynasty" ("Manwen Laodang, Taizu, Volume 23"). After that, he ordered "the same regulations" to quickly urge the tribute grains.

, grass bundles, etc. From September to December, guerrillas in Gaizhou and other cities successively paid tribute to salt, cotton, grain, grass, silver coins, honey and other items. The following year, Nurhaci ordered the collection of three taels of silver per ding every year, and the land rent increased from

Physical objects are converted into currency.

The system of "land granting based on calculation" changed the land ownership system of Houjin into state ownership. It divided the land into official land and allotment land. In addition to the official land stipulated in free farming, direct producers could also farm on the allotment land.

Farming. The original slaves without any personal freedom began to transform into feudal serfs with a certain degree of independence. This was undoubtedly a major step forward for Nurhaci in pushing the Later Jin Dynasty towards the feudal road.

However, since this policy was implemented for both the Eight Banners soldiers and the Han people, when the land was limited, the Eight Banners soldiers were of course given priority in receiving land. This resulted in a large number of Han people who did not have land and did not enjoy the benefits of this system.

Preferential policies. Nurhachi also stipulated that for every three races, the land rent of official land was one for every 20 people, one person should be a soldier, and one person should serve. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, these systems are much backward, so many Han people are

I really miss the rule of the Ming Dynasty, when people in Liaodong were always uneasy and the anti-Jin wave was high. The Hou Jin regime occupied a large area of ​​land in Liaodong, but due to Nurhaci's policy mistakes, the Hou Jin fell into panic. Nurhaci made mistakes again and again.

, massacred the people wantonly, causing anger and resentment, and the Hou Jin regime was in a state of turmoil.

Life insights: When opportunities arise, it is very important for young people to have the discernment to recognize them. This often determines whether you can succeed. If young people want to seize opportunities, they must first develop a pair of discerning eyes so that they can seize opportunities.

Be able to recognize it at a glance when it comes. This requires young friends to cultivate the ability to seize opportunities in daily life.

Sometimes opportunities have already appeared, right in front of you, and they offer you an olive branch. Unfortunately, you don’t know that this is the opportunity you have been looking for for a long time. You wave your hand and reject it. Opportunities can only be found helplessly.

Another person who can recognize it. When you suddenly wake up, it has gone very far, or has become someone else's property. At that time, you regret it and want to cry without tears.

It is a pity that not all young people understand this truth. Not all young people believe that opportunities can change their lives and help them get out of mediocrity. Therefore, when opportunities come, they cannot recognize that they are opportunities.

, let alone take advantage of opportunities to change one's own destiny.

In daily life, various things often happen. Some things are surprising and attract the attention of most people; some things are unremarkable and many people ignore them, but this does not rule out the possibility that they may contain

Significance.

When you are young, you are in the golden period of growth, maturity and development that is the fastest in your life, but it needs to be realized under the premise of opportunities. Smart people deeply understand how precious opportunities are to an ordinary person, so,

When faced with an opportunity, he never hesitated and took advantage of it, so the opportunity made him what he became ten years later.

If young people are indecisive in the face of opportunities, they will lose the opportunity. Because opportunities wait for no one, and if you don't seize it, others will seize it.

The most difficult people to succeed are those who cannot make decisions. When things are favorable to him, he is afraid of wolves in front of him and hesitant in others. Such people who are undecided and weak-willed will neither believe in themselves nor

He will not be trusted by others, and opportunities will not belong to him.

Those outstanding young people owe their success to their courage to make decisive decisions and act resolutely in the face of opportunities. Sometimes they inevitably make mistakes, but they are much better than those who are hesitant in the face of opportunities because they can seize opportunities.
Chapter completed!