Chapter 5: The Eight Banners Organization—Children of the Eight Banners

The first section develops from the Four Flags to the Eight Flags

The mist on the temples and the wind surrounding the wooden leaf clothes, the mountains and rivers are good and different from those of the past. I should just spend my leisure time with Shang Yanlao and return alone under the moonlight.

To write the history of the Jurchens before the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, an indispensable part is to introduce the Eight Banners system. It can be said that if the Eight Banners system had not been established, it is likely that no Jurchens would have settled in the Central Plains. Looking at the two rises of the Jurchen nation

, almost all developed along a similar trajectory. They first submitted to the Central Plains Dynasty and acted as agents of the Central Plains Dynasty, and then annexed other tribes under the banner of the orthodox dynasty, looking for opportunities in the process of accumulating strength. Waiting until they originally submitted

When the Central Plains dynasty gradually weakened and declined, capable people emerged in large numbers on their side, and their development was almost complete. Then they successfully rose up and took over the Central Plains. The Ligustrum people relied on the rising system. In the Jin Dynasty, they had the Meng'an Mouke system.

In the Later Jin and Qing dynasties, it was the Eight Banners system. This Eight Banners system was pioneered by Nurhachi and was similar in nature to the Meng'an Mouke system of the Jin Dynasty. They were both systems that integrated military, economic and other aspects. It should be said that the Eight Banners system contributed to the improvement of the Jurchens' military strength.

, played a vital role in promoting the development of productivity and comprehensive national strength. At the same time, it also promoted the emergence of multi-ethnic communities such as Manchu, Han and Mongolia, and banner society.

The Eight Banners system was developed on the basis of Niulu. Niulu, which means big arrows in Manchu, is a temporary organization of the Jurchen people when they hunt or fight. Historical records record that whenever the Jurchens encounter war

Or hunting, no matter how many people travel, they must follow the clan stronghold. When the Manchus go out to hunt, a general leader is established among ten people, and the general leader orders the other nine people to hunt in their own directions. This

The general leader is called Niulu Ezhen. The one who leads the four directions is the Zhonghuan, which is yellow. In the north, it is the Khan flag. The yellow flag is the emperor's flag from here. The other three directions are Waiyi, and the west red flag.

, Dongbai, and Male Blue are all Baylor flags. It can be seen from some historical records that the Jurchen tribe's cattle hunting record is only a temporary social organization. It will disperse on its own after sending troops to fight or hunting.

It is unstable. Niu Lu'ezhen himself does not have the authorization of a regular superior official, and is just a temporarily elected leader. It can be seen that apart from the role of temporary command, Niu Lu'e Zhenzhen has nothing to do with other people in peacetime.

Binding. In this case, the Jurchens had no way to form a unified and powerful army.

The Niu Lu system established by Nurhaci in the early days was based on this kind of spontaneous organization, but it is very different from before. After Nurhaci's flexible transformation and application, Niu Lu has been transformed into a grassroots organizational unit of the army.

Lu'erzhen has also developed into a professional title for grassroots officers. In 1583 AD, after Nurhaci raised an army with 13 pieces of armor, he adopted the Niulu organization in the crucial battle to attack Nikanwailan. It was also true that

From that time on, Niulu officially entered the stage of history as a grassroots organization of the army. However, in the historical circles, it is generally believed that Nurhachi truly established his own Niulu system around 1587. This system was broken from the beginning.

Blood relations transformed the original voluntary Niulu organization into a fixed basic social unit. Niulu was actually appointed by Nurhachi himself, and his powers were increased and he became the manager of the grassroots political power. Niululi

The common people need to be managed by Niu Lu'ezhen, and even ordinary weddings and funerals have to be interfered with. Gradually, Niu Lu'ezhen develops into the master of the grassroots organization, and other ordinary people become slaves.

With the advancement of the Nurhachi Unification War, this Niulu system began to be implemented in various regions. With the continuous development of the Niulu system, the Jiala system, also known as the Wuniulu system, gradually formed. In 1595 AD, an envoy from North Korea was sent to

When the state was founded, there was a record that on the fourth day of the first lunar month, more than 100 Jurchen cavalry went out, each carrying weapons, food, and flags of different colors: green, yellow, red, white, and black.

This team was composed of two Jia La, a total of ten Niu Lu. At that time, each Niu Lu had ten people, and each Jia La had five Niu Lu. The colors used by each Niu Lu were green, yellow, red, and white.

The five colors of black represent the colors of the five elements respectively. This shows from the side that the Jurchens at that time had accepted the five elements theory of the Han nationality, and Nurhachi applied it to the color and orientation of the flag. At this time, Niuluzhi was no longer the original single

A grassroots military organization. Nurhachi set up farmland in each Niulu and let Niulu Ezhen manage and rule. Nurhaci not only implemented this policy in Liaodong, but also began to extend this policy to a wider area. If there is a war, he will

The military information was spread with arrows and passed to each Niulu Ezhen, and then Niulu Ezhen organized and led the people to pick up weapons and food to defend against the enemy. At that time, Niulu's soldiers or population were no longer ten people, and Niulu's population was no longer ten.

The cattlemen were also engaged in labor such as plowing the fields, which shows that the nature of the cattle-breeding system has completely transformed into a social organization system integrating military and civilians.

In 1601 AD, Nurhaci's military strength grew, and the number of troops under his direct jurisdiction exceeded 10,000, so Nurhaci established a four-banner military system. Nurhaci organized all the troops into four flags, and the northern flag that commanded the four directions used a yellow flag as the center.

Flag means that the north belongs to water. Among the five elements, earth overcomes water, so yellow, which represents earth, is used as the flag color. In the same way, the flag of the West uses red as the color, because the west belongs to gold, and fire overcomes gold. The color of fire is red.

The east uses white as its flag, because the east belongs to wood, and metal overcomes wood. The color of gold is white, so the white flag is in the east. The south uses blue as its flag because the south belongs to fire, water overcomes fire, and the color of water is blue.

, so the blue flag was established. The formulation of the flag color of Sifanggushan was a skillful application of the Five Elements Theory. It reflected the popularity of the Five Elements Theory at that time and also influenced the subsequent formulation of the Eight Banners flag.

After the Qing army entered the customs, the Eight Banners garrisoned in Beijing also deployed their defenses according to the above directions. The Eight Banners' garrison barracks and flag areas were also allocated according to this direction. Each of these four square banners, that is, each Gushan, controls five armored armies.

La, each Jia La includes five Niu Lu. In this way, there are four Gushan, twenty Jia La, and one hundred Niu Lu. Taking into account the more than 10,000 soldiers directly under Nurhaci at that time and his younger brother Shu

Erhaci has more than 5,000 soldiers, with a total of about 15,000 soldiers. The average number of soldiers in each Niulu is about 150 (actually the number of each Niulu is very uneven). The four-banner system

It was a unified division of military strength based on Niu Luo. It was in line with the military strength at that time. It perfectly solved the problem of troop growth, facilitated management, and was conducive to the long-term development of the army. It also laid a solid foundation for the formation of the Eight Banners system in the future. In fact, Nurhachi was right

Niu Luohuo was forced to carry out military reforms out of necessity. At first, the Jurchens fought very casually. At that time, the military generals did not obey orders and the soldiers were undisciplined. During the war, the leader took the lead in charging and killing, and the people below moved forward if they wanted to.

If you want to retreat, you can retreat. The leader has no right and dare not interfere.

In April 1585 AD, Nurhaci led 80 soldiers and encountered 500 enemy soldiers. At this critical juncture, Nurhaci's clan brothers and the remaining 70 or so people also waited and watched. Nurhaci had no choice but to fight with

The other three people fought against the opponent's 500 people together. Another example is that in 1589, Nurhaci led the army to attack Zhaojia City. Nurhaci's ambush suddenly launched an attack. She rushed into the opponent's team of more than 100 people and killed nine of them. The city was captured.

At that time, Nurhachi's soldiers were only focused on plundering property. Nurhachi was very anxious, so he took off the armor he was wearing and gave it to a person next to him, asking him to take his token to manage his subordinates. As a result, this person did not listen to him.

At this time, the soldiers guarding the city saw an opportunity and immediately sent a large group of troops to fight out of the city. As Nurhaci's troops gradually grew, strict military discipline became an urgent matter. Therefore, Niu Luoluo proposed the reform of the Four Banners system.

The key point is to strictly enforce military discipline, break blood relations, and share corvee and military service equally. After the establishment of the Four Banners military system, Nurhachi's jurisdiction continued to expand. Nurhachi unified Jianzhou, then defeated the Nine-Nation Alliance and destroyed

He conquered the Jurchens in the West China Sea, and then captured the Jurchens in the East China Sea. By the 43rd year of Wanli, Nurhaci's territory reached the mouth of the Yalu River in the south and the mouth of the Tumen River in the east. The number of subjects below increased dramatically, and the improvement of the management system was once again in crisis.

At this time, the Jurchens' cattle records varied in size and population. Some had more than 1,000 cattle, some had more than 800, some had only one or two hundred people, and the least number was less than 20. It was so confusing.

This situation will definitely bring management troubles. In fact, this situation is largely a helpless move, because sometimes some people who come to surrender with men and horses, Nurhaci will let them or are related to them.

The people who came to defect to the army were still in charge of the old troops. Using this method to win over people's hearts was also conducive to maintaining the original combat effectiveness. Therefore, for those who came to defect, regardless of their number, Nurhaci unified them into Niulu. The shortcomings of this are obvious.

, there are different numbers of people in the first item, the number of cattle and deer, real status and treatment issues, etc., will cause disputes and easily lead to military morale instability. Therefore, reform is imperative. In 1615 AD, Nurhaci generally equalized the number of cattle and deer.

The number of people. Then two Xiao Riding Schools were added under Niu Lu Ezhen. Each Niu Lu was divided into four, as Dadan, and each Dadan set up a Zhang Jing, who was responsible for managing specific matters in all aspects of the operation. The beef system was also

It has regained its vitality and moved towards a fully mature stage.

After that, Nurhaci called the original four flags the Zhenghuang Banner, Zhenglan Banner, Zhengbai Banner, and Zhenghong Banner. He also added the new Xianghuang Banner, Xianglan Banner, Xiangbai Banner, and Xianghong Banner, and the eight-banner system began to appear. In other words, the Four Zhengqi Banners

It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1601), and the four bordered flags were all built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1615). It must be pointed out that Zhenghuang Banner, Xianghuang Banner and Zhengbai Banner are both the "Shangsan Banners".

They were all led by the emperor himself. The soldiers were also the emperor's personal soldiers, and the members of the imperial guard were also selected from the upper three banners. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhenghuang Banner was the most populous of the eight banners in Manchuria, with ninety-two general commanders under its jurisdiction (basically

Household registration and military establishment units (one hundred to three hundred people per unit) and two and a half sub-colons, about 30,000 soldiers, and a total population of about 150,000 men, women, old and young. Xianghuang Banner had 84 sub-commands under its jurisdiction in the late Qing Dynasty

There are two and a half sub-colons, about 26,000 soldiers, and a total population of 130,000. Most of the banners with yellow flags are members of the Qing royal family. For example, Emperor Qianlong's Empress Xiaoxian Chun, Emperor Zhemin's noble concubine, and Emperor Jiaqing's Empress Xiaoherui.

Many senior officials of the imperial court also came from the Xianghuang Banner. Before Shunzhi, there was no Zhengbai Banner among the Shangsan Banners but Zhenglan Banner. In the early years of Shunzhi, Dorgon incorporated the Zhengbai Banner he led into the Shangsan Banners and lowered the Zhenglan Banner.

People under the Five Banners. After Dorgon died of illness, Shunzhi took the Zhengbai Banner into the Three Banners. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Zhengbai Banner governed 86 generals, about 26,000 soldiers, and a total population of about 130,000. Cao Xueqin and the late Qing Dynasty

Empress Wanrong (Daur tribe) was a member of the Zhengbai Banner. The Xiangbai Banner and the other four banners were called the "Five Banners", which were governed by the kings, Beile and Beizi. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Xiangbai Banner had eighty-four commanders, about two

Sixteen thousand soldiers, with a total population of about 130,000. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhenghong Banner was the flag with the smallest population among the eight banners. It governed 74 commanders, 23,000 soldiers, and a total population of about 115,000 men, women, and children.

Qian. The famous writer Lao She was originally affiliated with Zhenghong Banner. He Shen, a corrupt official during the Qianlong period, was also a member of Zhenghong Banner. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Xianghong Banner had 86 commanders, 26,000 soldiers, and a total population of about 130,000. Guangxu's

Chongfei Zhenfei was a member of the Xianghong Banner. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Zhenglan Banner had jurisdiction over eighty-three generals and eleven and a half sub-commissioners, with 26,000 soldiers and a total population of about 130,000. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Xianglan Banner had jurisdiction over eight

There are seventeen full commanders and one half subcommand, 27,000 soldiers, and a total population of about 135,000. Empress Dowager Ci'an (Empress Dowager of the East) is a member of the Xianglan Banner, and Empress Dowager Cixi was originally a Xianglan Banner.

, then raised the flag into the yellow flag.

Compared with the lower five banners, the upper three banners have a more noble status and are mainly responsible for guarding the palace and other tasks. The lower five banners are stationed in the capital and other places. During the Yongzheng period, in order to weaken the control of the princes and Baylors at all levels, Emperor Yongzheng

Strictly distinguish the affiliations between the subordinate subordinates of the Lower Five Banners (commonly known as the outer subordinates) and the subordinate subordinates (commonly known as the inner subordinates). The main subordinate subordinates of the Lower Five Banners are actually directly controlled by the emperor.

, the kings and Baylor can only control their subordinates and subordinates. And because the four banners of yellow, pure white, bordered white, and pure blue are on the left, it is called the left wing; the four banners of true yellow, pure red, bordered red, and bordered blue are on the right.

, also known as the right wing.

The style of the Eight Banners was finally finalized after several changes. Their specifications are: the Yellow Flag, the White Flag, the Red Flag, the Blue Flag, etc. The Four Flags are rectangular, with a length of seven feet and five inches from left to right, and a width of six feet from top to bottom.

Xu. The flags of the four flags, namely the Yellow Flag, the White Flag, the Red Flag and the Blue Flag, are pentagonal flags obtained by cutting off the outer upper and lower corners of a rectangular flag of the same size as the Four Flags. The eight flags all feature dragons.

The pattern and image of the dragon are roughly the same. The dragon heads are all facing inward, that is, toward the flagpole. However, the dragon with the four flags is slightly smaller than the dragon with the four flags. In addition, there are auspicious clouds and other embellishments. In terms of color matching, the yellow flag with the yellow flag is the original yellow flag.

Bordered with red; bordered with white flag is the original white flag bordered with red; bordered with red flag is the original red flag with white border; bordered with blue flag is the original blue flag with red border. The yellow and white flags have a blue dragon, the red flag has a yellow dragon, and the blue flag has

For the red dragon.

When the Eight Banners system in Manchuria was first established, each banner's Gushan Ezhen set up the left and right Meile Ezhen as his deputy. From the establishment of the Eight Banners system in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, it was not until 1642 of the Qing Dynasty that the three eight banner organizations were completed.

Part, 24-level organizational construction. When the Eight Banners were first established, Nurhachi personally took charge of the two yellow flags, Daishan took charge of the two red flags, Mang Gurtai took charge of the Zhenglan Banner, and Huang Taiji took charge of the Zhengbai Banner. The Blue Banner and the White Banner were led by Du Du

Under the leadership and ownership system, all soldiers and civilians belong to the Eight Banners, and they are also the private property of the Eight Banners lords.

After the death of Nurhaci in 1626 AD, Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne and was known as Taizong of the Qing Dynasty in history. When Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, the lords of each banner changed again. Huang Taiji personally took charge of the two yellow flags, and Dorgon took charge of the Zhengbai Banner, Daishan.

Still in charge of the red flag, Mang Gurtai led the blue flag, Duduo led the white flag, Azige led the red flag, and Amin led the blue flag. On November 22, 1635 AD, Huang Taiji issued an edict to formally establish the Manchurian flag.

From then on, the Eight Banners became the Eight Banners of Manchuria. When Dorgon was in power, the Zhenglan Banner was commanded by Dorgon, and together with the Zhengbai Banner, Dorgon controlled the two banners. Dorgon passed away in the seventh year of Shunzhi.

His Zhengbai Banner was changed to be under the control of the emperor himself, so that under the emperor there were three flags: Zhenghuang Banner, Xianghuang Banner and Zhengbai Banner. This is how the theory of the Upper Three Banners came about. The owners of other five flags and Gushan Ezhen also happened from time to time.

Variety.

Life insights: Many young people who are eager to succeed often want to directly seek help or cooperation from others, which is very bad. You must first continue to help others and say to everyone: "Is there anything you need my help with?"

If a person helps others, others will also want to repay him in some way. Don't try to ask for high returns at the beginning, but you should show your abilities in the process of helping others. Only in this way can you be rewarded.

Appreciation from others.

Make more friends and make fewer enemies. This is meaningful advice for every young person. For young people who want to achieve a great career, the quality of interpersonal relationships is more important than any other factor. It is important to handle interpersonal relationships well.

Sexuality has been recognized. Millionaires may not have high academic qualifications, but they cannot do without extensive and good interpersonal relationships. Especially for young people who hope to make a difference in ten years, they must work harder to expand their network of contacts in order to provide services for them.

Build a solid foundation for success.

If a young person wants to cultivate good interpersonal relationships, he must first know as many people as possible and let others know him. No successful person sits at home and works hard to build a career. If he wants to achieve a major goal, he must

You need to cooperate with many people. The better your interpersonal relationships are, the more people you know and the more chances you have for success.

"If you want to become a millionaire, you must try to deal with multi-millionaires; if you want to become a multi-millionaire, you must learn to deal with billionaires." If you want to be rich, you must first deal with rich people.

This is not snobbery, but a way to make money. Similarly, if you want to be successful, you must know how to associate with successful people and join the circle of successful people.

Life is like walking in a circle. You come out of one circle and enter another. Among so many circles, the most important one is the work-related circle. Only if you play this circle can you improve your position.

Carnegie said: "Success in life and career depends on 85% of interpersonal relationships and 15% of professional skills." It is difficult for everyone to succeed alone. Building or adding a good circle will have an important impact on your life.

If you want to surpass yourself now, start now to expand your circle, accumulate your contacts, and expand your communication scope. In a few years, you will find that there are professionals who can help you everywhere around you, just a phone call away

, a text message can help you solve problems that seem very difficult to others.

There is a popular word "insider" that often appears in the media, which is equivalent to "one of our own people". If you are not one of your own people, nothing can be done. If you can't get into the circle, even if you are full of courage, you are just a person.

It is difficult to become popular if you are a straggler. We are all familiar with the three words entertainment circle. This circle is a big circle, and there are countless small circles under this big circle.

The closer a person is to the core of the circle, the more likely he is to become the core. Who he is with is very important. There is a saying: "It doesn't matter what kind of car you drive, the key is who is sitting in your car."
Chapter completed!