The theory of elements was a name given by Zhu Youxiao to the material structure of molecules and atoms in later generations. In this form, he began to spread the modern worldview in the feudal era of the Ming Dynasty.

"Elements are the foundation of the world. Everything is made of elements, including this book, including you and me, all living things are made of elements." Zhu Youxiao held a book and his first sentence was

The two of them were shocked and inexplicable.

"There are many kinds of elements, no less than a hundred. Each one has different properties, big or small, light or heavy, and they never repeat themselves. And their shapes are also extremely tiny, and it is impossible to see them with the naked eye.

.How specific are their knives?" Zhu Youxiao twisted his fingers and pulled hard, and a tiny hair was pulled out by him.

"Elements are just a general term, just like we call water water, and atoms are specific individuals of a certain type of element, just like each of us is to the Han people. The Han people are elements, and everyone who is doing it is

atom."

At this point, Song Yingxing suddenly moved, stood up and picked up a pen and paper from the desk, "Your Majesty, I would like to record it, is it possible?"

"Yes." Zhu Youxiao nodded, and then continued his explanation. When he was given permission, Song Yingxing was overjoyed. He picked up his brush and wrote quickly, quickly copying what the emperor just said on the paper. At the same time, he also raised his ears and listened carefully.

With.

In order to facilitate him, Zhu Youxiao took a pause, and after Song Yingxing caught up with the writing progress, he started teaching again.

"Atoms are the collective embodiment of elements, so what's their shape?" He asked rhetorically, but he didn't expect the two people to answer, "Atoms, in general terms, can be understood as circles, but it's too complicated to go deeper, no.

You can understand it, just think of atoms as circles."

"The atom is the tiniest material structure. How small is it?" Zhu Youxiao held up the strand of hair he had just pulled out. "Atoms are billions of times smaller than this strand of hair. As the Buddha said, one grain of sand is one world.

"In this hair, there is a world composed of atoms. This world is very vast. To atoms, it is like the Ming Empire to us."

This description shocked the two of them again. They opened their mouths and stared blankly at the hair in the emperor's hand. They tried to imagine such an atomic world in their minds, but no matter what, they had no such concept.

"Although atoms are the most basic things, they do not directly constitute matter. Several atoms combine with each other to form something called a molecule. This molecule constitutes the world we can see with the naked eye. The combination of atoms is just like us Han people

Likewise, one man or one woman cannot form a family. Only a man plus a woman plus a child can form a family, and thousands of families make up our Han people and the Ming Empire."

After each explanation, Zhu Youxiao would add a metaphor. With this, it would be easier for the two ancients to understand the elements.

"Various molecules make up various substances. Water has molecules, iron has iron molecules, and carbon has carbon molecules. Matter is composed of these molecules. However, in the formation process of matter, it is not a kind of

When certain molecules form substances, they will interact with each other and be mixed together."

"This is the difference between a simple substance and a mixture. Just like water, it is a simple substance, and sugar is also a simple substance, but when the sugar melts into the water, the sugar water formed is a mixture. The iron we are practicing now is due to insufficient technology.

The reason is that it is not the simple substance of iron, it is mixed with carbon, and this carbon is the molecule of what we often call charcoal."

"The carbon content is different, so the hardness and toughness of iron are also different, and the carbon content is within a range, and this content is roughly between two ten thousandths and two percent."

At this point in the explanation, Zhu Youxiao finally turned the topic back to steelmaking. After such an explanation, Xu Guangqi suddenly felt a sense of enlightenment. He had never felt that the world was so clearly presented in front of him, as if it were a tentacle.

Reachable.

Song Yingxing next to him also trembled when he heard it. Although he couldn't confirm whether what the emperor said was correct, he was deeply shocked by this novel world view. With hundreds of elements and endless changes, the world was in front of his eyes.

It suddenly became colorful.

This view of the element theory is far more sophisticated and more attractive than the Five Elements theory.

"As for how to measure the content, I don't know. I can only rely on the efforts of the two Qings. I don't know the specific method, but I have some general knowledge." Zhu Youxiao kept talking,

He is ready to throw out the scientific experimental method. To this extent, many things are inseparable from experiments.

"Scientific experimental method?" The two of them muttered this word, and their eyes were a little bright. Is it finally time to get to the practical stage? Compared with the previous high-level theory of elements, the two of them obviously have a clear understanding of the technology that can be directly used.

more interested.

"Scientific experiment method is actually very simple to say, just eight words: observation, analysis, induction, summary. For a matter, we should not be confused by the appearance, but should have a deep understanding, such as steel, this steel

How is its performance? You need to do experiments on it, such as beating, twisting, bending, etc., and you will get data. By analyzing, summarizing, and summarizing these data, you can get a pattern. Even though these patterns are inconspicuous, they are

A manifestation of the way of heaven.”

"The way of heaven is by our side." Zhu Youxiao's rather impressive summary made the two of them stare blankly.

"Then, Your Majesty, how do you analyze and summarize these data?" Song Yingxing asked impatiently. He tested the three categories of steel previously, but he just did a simple test, comparing with pig iron, and comparing the three steel pieces with each other.

There is no specific data.

"This requires the help of one tool, mathematics!"

"Mathematics?" Song Yingxing was confused. What is mathematics? Arithmetic?

"Yes, it is mathematics. The knowledge between numbers is as vast and profound as the study of Confucian classics. It is unfathomable, so I call it mathematics."

"As unfathomable as the classics?" The two looked at each other, but they had a bad premonition in their hearts, but they didn't understand what this premonition indicated.

"Mathematics is the most real tool. It can reveal the mysteries of heaven most accurately, but if you want to use mathematics, you need a prerequisite." Zhu Youxiao still didn't stop, he spoke out his thoughts in one breath.

When the two heard this, they quickly put aside their previous thoughts and listened carefully. They both knew that the next thing was very important.

"That is to develop unified standards."

"Unify standards!" Another modern word confused the two of them, but Xu Guangqi had been exposed to mathematics for a long time, and he quickly realized, "Is it like the First Emperor to unify weights and measures?"

"If you look at it roughly, you can say that, but what we want to do is far deeper and broader than that." Zhu Youxiao explained slowly.

Next, he explained the concepts of standardization and modularization in detail. Every industry has a standardized terminology, unified standards, quantifiers, numerals, various definitions, and various units, which must be unified.
Chapter completed!