After Charles II saw the tomb, he even looked at the tombstone. Anger burst out in his eyes and he shouted hysterically: Someone! Smash his tombstone and dig out his body!!!

!

Immediately, a group of guards with shovels and hammers swarmed forward and quickly smashed the tombstone inscribed with "Defender Cromwell" to pieces. They swung the shovels and dug up Cromwell again.

Cromwell's coffin was taken out by the guards. The guards took axes and split open the coffin, taking out Cromwell's body which had long since rotted. At the same time, the tombstone was smashed off and the coffin was opened. Cromwell's son-in-law, Ireland

Governor Elton, and many more revolutionaries.

Charles II hanged all the corpses and hung them on the gallows. However, this still could not eliminate the hatred in Charles II's heart, so he ordered all the heads of these corpses to be chopped off and hung at the trial of Charles that year.

I was displayed on a pole in the Palace of Westminster. Moreover, those judges who had only participated in the trial of Charles I were all executed for regicide. Those who were already dead and buried had to be dug out of their graves.

Behead!

From here, it is not difficult to see that in fact, the hatred for killing his father is really irreconcilable. This kind of hatred does not distinguish between any country or anyone. Of course, these people were the ones who invited Charles II back.

, they are looking for a dead end. They are just a group of rich people who just understand how to plunder people's wealth. What kind of rigorous thinking logic do they have, right? They have completely forgotten the most traditional things. They are just a group of people.

He is blinded by money, and even forgets his own existence when he sees benefits. Therefore, we cannot say that Charles II is too cruel at all, because in our human history, the hatred of killing his father has been sworn in since ancient times.

And there is actually another thing here. What is it? You may not have noticed it carefully. In fact, as long as Charles I does not die, how can Charles II go into exile in France? After his father Charles I passes away

, he is still Charles II, he is still the king, so the root cause of all these things is caused by these new aristocrats and even the so-called bourgeoisie, so Charles II will definitely not let them go. And Charles II

He was born in the palace and received a good education in thinking and logic since he was a child. How can he fight with a group of new nobles who are just rich and greedy for money? Now they have all been beheaded.

Are you happy? You can’t laugh anymore.

Moreover, during the period when Charles II was in exile in France, he also received strong support from France. Therefore, in order to thank France, Charles II sold Dunkirk, Britain's only trading point on the European continent, to France. This led to the British

It lost its foothold on the European continent. The British people were extremely dissatisfied, thinking that they had lost a key hanging on their belt. However, France also supported Charles II more vigorously and gave him a large number of loans.

.And with the support of France, Charles II is now even more confident. He went against the grain in Britain, dissolved Parliament, canceled the power of urban self-government, and deprived the people of all the rights they obtained during the revolution.

In fact, it is not difficult for us to see from here that all of this has a cause, and it is not inexplicable that Charles II did this. Therefore, it is not easy for us to make random comments on this kind of thing. So far, everyone is just

Just understand it. In short, it’s enough to understand that this is what Charles II did.

In 1685, Charles II died of illness, and his younger brother James II came to the throne. James II was a very fanatical Catholic, so he declared Catholicism as the state religion as soon as he came to power. This meant that during the revolution

The bourgeoisie who made their fortunes by confiscating the land belonging to the Catholic Church, as well as the new aristocrats, now have to return these lands. This is like taking away the meat from the bowls of these new aristocrats, or even the gold nuggets in their arms.

So these new aristocrats and even the bourgeoisie must be very dissatisfied.

Another reason is that the Protestants are also dissatisfied. Why? In fact, this is not difficult to understand, because the Protestants were already a free church in this place before. The wealth and anointing they collected were all their own, and they had nothing to do with the higher-ups.

How big the relationship is, but it is different now. Now that Catholicism has become the state religion, this means that Protestants also have to serve the country and can no longer just satisfy their own extravagant desires and debauched life. In fact, it is simple.

The point is that after Catholicism becomes the state religion, the status, territory, taxation, and all their benefits that originally belonged to the Protestants will be lost.

So the Protestants and the new aristocrats united to oppose James's reactionary rule. In fact, they did not dare to mobilize the masses to revolt to overthrow James II. Instead, they wanted to change a king, but who should they choose as king?

Then they chose William II, who was in power in the Netherlands. But why did they choose him? In fact, William II was James's son-in-law, and because he believed in Protestantism.

William II was very happy after receiving the letter from the British, because it was asking him to become the king. It was strange that he was unhappy, so he felt that this was like a piece of pie in the sky! So William II went through a very special process.

After careful preparation, they led more than 10,000 infantry and more than 4,000 cavalry on more than 600 warships, and then landed at Torbay Port in Devonshire, southwest England.

William II, under the leadership of the British bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy, began to lead his army to advance towards London, with overwhelming momentum along the way. Although James II's army was large in number, most of them were greedy for life and afraid of death.

They didn't dare to fight William II's army. Sometimes, James II's army would even flee before the battle started. How could they fight, right? Many of James II's officers also surrendered to William.

II, including the British Commander-in-Chief John Churchill, and even James II’s youngest daughter and her husband defected to William II. James, who had rebelled against his relatives, fled to France, and William II became the British leader.

of king.

The British called this bloodless coup the Glorious Revolution. In fact, the Glorious Revolution ended the British autocratic rule and provided a stable environment for the development of British capitalism. Therefore, British capitalism began to develop extremely rapidly again.

.

Next, let's continue to analyze the war. After all, various countries have also achieved high financial revenues under the leadership of capitalism, so the military development is also very fast. With military force, the top management will definitely be able to With their own ideas, in short, the entire history of our human beings has actually been spent in wars. Not only me, but any human being on this earth cannot deny this. Real things.

At this point, we will continue to talk about the war between Britain and the Netherlands, but we still adopt the plan of starting from the beginning: in the first half of the seventeenth century, the Netherlands completed the bourgeois revolution and achieved their national independence, and the economy was definitely It has developed very rapidly, which has also led to the expansion of overseas trade. In fact, the effect is really remarkable. Let's do a simple analysis. At this time, the Netherlands had more than 16,000 merchant ships. This is all What kind of concept is this? Is this 1,200 ships? This is more than 16,000 ships! This scale of overseas trade is absolutely staggering, and the current total tonnage of Dutch overseas trade merchant ships is this During this period, we accounted for three-quarters of the total tonnage of the world's merchant ships.

So we can say that the Dutch completely monopolized world trade at sea at this time. During this period, Dutch merchants left their footprints in every corner of the five continents, and they were known as the coachmen of the sea. As we have said before, at this time the British The bourgeoisie also won a victory, and then in order to plunder capital, the rulers urgently needed to expand externally and expand maritime trade. At this time, the Netherlands, the maritime hegemon, became the biggest threat and obstacle to Britain, so this led to a conflict between the two countries. The conflict of interests between them is becoming increasingly acute.

By 1649, first of all, there was the high-level group headed by Cromwell, who frantically accelerated naval construction and built giant battleships that could install 60 to 80 guns. In 1651, The "Navigation Regulations" were promulgated, which prohibited the Netherlands from participating in British trade, because Britain's naval power has once again developed rapidly, mainly due to its abundant funds, and Britain currently manufactures so many warships. It's definitely not a joke. So far, this kind of British regulation has seriously hit the interests of the Netherlands.

Until May of 1652, the Dutch and British fleets couldn't bear it anymore. They both felt that the other party's interests were much greater than theirs, so the British and Dutch fleets clashed. At first, the conflict was not very serious. It was just a few shots, which was a bit of a shock, so neither side suffered much loss. But on July 8 of the same year, the commander of the British fleet, Busanque, ordered to blockade the Strait of Dover and cut off the The Netherlands' maritime connections with the outside world.
Chapter completed!