And Princess Sophia is also very domineering. In fact, this is a very dangerous thing. It may lead to killing people. This is a matter that involves the throne, so it must not be treated as a child's play. So Peter can only follow his lead.

His mother lived in seclusion in the suburbs of Moscow, where Peter kept playing military games with his friends and established two boy scout groups. These two groups later became the backbone of the Guards after Peter came to power.

Moreover, little Peter often communicated with foreign expatriates, learning mathematics, navigation and other knowledge from them, and was influenced by Western European culture. In 1689, Peter married the daughter of a nobleman, Yedovkin Lopsina.

, filed for divorce in 1696 and sent his wife to a monastery. In 1712, Peter married the slave girl Catherine, who became Russia's first empress after Peter's death.

For the queen.

We have had a general understanding of Peter's life before, so let's do a more detailed analysis now. In 1689, Peter seized power, and he handed over the management of state affairs to his mother, uncle and even his cronies.

He himself was still training the Boy Scouts, and it was not until his mother passed away in 1694 that he began to take charge. Peter was definitely an ambitious emperor. In 1695, he soon led the

A hastily built army of 30,000 attacked Azov at the mouth of the Don River. The purpose of attacking Azov at the mouth of the Don River was actually to open up maritime trade. However, Peter did not have a navy at this time, so he failed. In short, many people died in this battle.

In the spring of the next year, Peter, unwilling to fail, commanded a hastily built navy to besiege Azov again. This time Turkey lost the battle and suffered heavy losses, so Turkey was forced to surrender. Although at this time Peter

He has occupied Azov, but it has completely exposed Russia's military backwardness. The main reason is the backwardness of the navigation industry. After all, the Russians have not sailed in recent generations, so their navigation industry is really backward.

It was in a complete mess, but Peter would not give up at all, because now they had a port. So in 1697, Peter sent an envoy to Europe to investigate and learn navigation, shipbuilding and foreign languages.

In fact, during the inspection process, Peter himself joined the mission under a pseudonym. He visited workshops, docks, and universities along the way. He also visited the great scientist Newton, and worked as an apprentice in a Dutch shipyard. The following year

In the summer, Peter was worried that there would be a rebellion in the country while he was away, so he returned to Russia. In 1700, Peter suddenly launched an attack on Sweden. However, because Russia's military was too backward, he did not return to Russia.

Sweden was severely defeated in the Vaal War.

At this time, in order to enrich the country and strengthen the military, Peter implemented a series of Europeanization policies in economic, political, military, cultural and other aspects, which led to Russia quickly becoming a powerful country in Europe.

In terms of economy, Peter vigorously developed industry and laid the industrial foundation for Russia's prosperity. He actively built infrastructure, built commercial ports, developed domestic trade, and implemented protective tariff policies, rewarding exports and restricting imports. Military

On the one hand, he established a regular army of more than 200,000 people consisting of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers, and a naval fleet consisting of 48 battleships, a large number of speedboats, and nearly 30,000 sailors.

In terms of culture and education, he established many schools to train specialized talents and sent a large number of foreign students to study in Western Europe. He stipulated that children of noble families must receive education and must learn arithmetic and a foreign language.

In addition, Peter also established Russia's first printing house, museum, and theater, founded the first all-Russian newspaper "News", and served as editor-in-chief. He also controlled religious power in the country and his own

In his hands, he reformed the administrative system and strengthened centralization. These reforms changed Russia's low productivity level and underdeveloped industry, commerce, and culture, and laid the foundation for Russia to become one of the European powers.

While undergoing domestic reforms, Peter actually launched continuous wars, expanding Russia's territory from the southeast to the northwest. He built the Petersburg Fortress at the mouth of the strategic Neva River, built a wooden castle, and built a

In 1713, the capital was moved from Moscow to Petersburg. In 1714, the Russian army occupied Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. In 1721, Sweden was forced to sign a peace treaty with Russia, transferring Riga on the Baltic Sea to

The Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Finland and coastal Estonia, Latvia and other places were ceded to Russia. In less than twenty years, Peter transformed Petersburg from a few small villages into a large city with 70,000 people. 172

In October of that year, in recognition of his achievements, the Senate awarded him the title of Great Emperor and Father of the Motherland, and the name of Russia was also changed to the Russian Empire.

On January 28, 1725, Peter the Great died in Petersburg at the age of fifty-three.

Above we have learned about the current situation in Russia. Next, let’s take a look at Austria:

In the middle and late eighteenth century, the feudal system in various European continental countries was declining, mainly due to the liberation of human thought and spiritual world. Therefore, capitalism also began to develop rapidly. The monarchs of some European feudal autocratic countries, for the sake of

In order to consolidate their own autocratic rule and adapt to the development of the times, they took advantage of the French Enlightenment thinker Voltaire's view of enlightened autocracy, chanted enlightened slogans, carried out top-down reforms, and dressed themselves up as enlightened

Monarch. Therefore, enlightened despotism became the characteristic of various feudal countries on the European continent during this period.

Charles VI, the Archduke of Austria and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, had no sons. He was worried that the throne would fall apart after his death, so he formulated a new throne succession law, the national edict. The edict stipulated that if there is no son, then the daughter can also inherit the throne.

.Also in order to prevent the princes of neighboring countries from opposing his own daughter after his death, Charles VI generously gave many benefits to the monarchs and princes of neighboring countries in exchange for their support. The monarchs of neighboring countries and

The princes all expressed their approval of Charles VI's national edict. In 1740, Charles VI died, and his eldest daughter, 23-year-old Theresa, ascended the throne and became the Archduke of Austria and the Queen of Hungary.

Theresa was born in Vienna in 1717. She was talented and received a very good court education. She studied world history and religious history, and could speak German, French, Italian, Czech and Latin very fluently.

From this we can see that this Theresia is not simple at all. Today, our world has such a good education level. As for myself, I can’t even learn a word of English, and this Grand Duke Theresia seems to me

He is simply a god! These foreign languages ​​alone are astonishing to me. Well, back to our topic. Theresa is the same as Franz Stern, Duke of Lorraine.

Where to get married.

As soon as Theresa ascended the throne, neighboring countries and domestic princes overturned their previous promises, openly opposed her succession to the throne, and even sent troops to attack Austria. In fact, this was a conspiracy to seize Austrian territory. In 1740, the King of Prussia

Frederick united France, Bavaria, Saxony, Spain, Sardinia and other countries to form an anti-Austrian alliance, refused to recognize Theresa's legal inheritance rights, and sent troops to invade Silesia, the richest and most industrially developed province in Austria. This is in our

In human history, it is called the War for the Austrian Crown.

Faced with such a severe situation, Theresa was determined to defend her own throne and the unity of the empire. She took a series of measures that quickly eased Austria's domestic conflicts and made Austria unanimously open to the outside world. Then she resumed active activities,

With the support of Britain and Russia, and a large amount of economic assistance from Britain, she finally passed the crisis. In 1745, her right to the throne was recognized by most of the German electors, and her husband Franz also

He was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In fact, the emperor only allowed men to inherit, but Theresa still had monopoly on power.

In 1748, Austria signed the "Peace of Aachen" with the belligerents. The peace treaty recognized Theresa's right to the throne, but stipulated that Austria must cede most of Silesia to Prussia and part of Italian territory to Spain and Caesar.

Kingdom of Din. This also means that Austria's war has failed, and the failure of this war also exposed Austria's political and military shortcomings, making Theresia realize that the country's shortcomings are not only personal problems, but also personal problems.

The result of the structure of the entire dynasty. With the assistance of a large number of ministers who were influenced by Enlightenment ideas, Theresia announced the implementation of enlightened autocracy and carried out a series of large-scale reforms to revitalize the country and consolidate rule.

In order to deal with the powerful France and Prussia, the first thing Theresia carried out was military reform. She founded the Maria Theresia Army University, which stipulated that future officers must undergo formal training before they can serve, and the promotion of officers should not be based on

Born based on academic qualifications and military merit. She reformed the way of conscription and military training methods, expanded the army from 100,000 to 270,000, and Austria's military strength was greatly increased.

Politically, in order to strengthen centralization, Theresia formed a State Council, established institutions to manage internal affairs and finance, and deprived the state parliament and the nobles of their power.

Economically, she ordered the unification of currency and the issuance of banknotes, reducing the labor time of farmers, and abolished the privilege of nobility and monks not to pay taxes. She also encouraged industry and commerce and the establishment of factories, and established bonuses to reward new inventions and new enterprises.
Chapter completed!