In 1766, Rousseau went into exile in Prussia. After hearing about his experience, the great British philosopher Hume warmly invited him to live in London. At this time, the weather-beaten Rousseau was suffering from a very serious delusion.

Neither of them believed it. After arriving in London, he suspected that Hume would murder him, so he often quarreled with Hume. In fact, after less than a year of living there, Rousseau fled England in great panic.

In 1770, the French high-level officials pardoned Rousseau for all the things he had done, and Rousseau returned to Paris. He also restored his real name and read aloud his life history "Confessions" in the salon.

.This unique masterpiece in the history of world literature not only narrates Rousseau's life history with a frank attitude, but also uses beautiful writing and outstanding talents to defend his doctrine and fight back against his opponents.

In his later years, Rousseau lived a lonely and poor life, depressed. On July 2, 1778, he died of a stroke. After the French Revolution, his body was buried in the cemetery of great men.

Above we have understood the great thinker Rousseau, and then we have to understand that under the influence of these enlightened thinkers, the United States we discussed before will definitely rise at this time. After all, these various factors must have given rise to

The British high-level officials have caused a lot of trouble and no longer have time to manage their colonies. Therefore, after the rise of the United States, of course they will also be hit by certain restrictions, or the United States itself also wants to consolidate their human rights. In short, it is our human desire

It can also be said that it is caused by the selfishness of us humans, and this chapter of the progress of our human thoughts is about to end, followed by large-scale industrial development, but before industrial development, we will end with the United States as the topic.

This chapter.

Of course, we still understand the whole thing from the beginning: In fact, since the 16th century, North America, as we have said before, has gradually become a colony of European powers due to the rapid development of the navigation industry. In fact, immigrants from all countries have settled there.

North America. And because these immigrants basically never returned to their homeland, they directly thrived in North America. Therefore, after more than a hundred years of development, the United States is definitely a mixed country with a population.

It gradually took shape. By the middle of the eighteenth century, Britain had established a total of thirteen colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America, and prevented the development of local capitalist economies in an attempt to turn these colonies into sales markets for British industrial products and cheap raw materials.

supply areas in order to increase the plunder and exploitation of the colonies.

But we have also talked before that the UK has been at war, so it often has no time to manage the development of capitalism. Therefore, North America actually developed slowly under this situation. In the UK

After the Seven Years' War with France ended, the British increased taxes on their colonies. After all, the British treasury was too empty at this time, so the losses of the war were passed on to the people of North America. This led to conflicts between the two sides.

Increasingly intensified.

At this time, in order to monopolize the west, the British banned westward immigration, cutting off the North American people's way of making a living. It also restricted the bourgeoisie's development of the west and controlled the right to go to the sea. This led to continuous resistance among the people of North America.

Economic and political struggles gradually evolved into armed conflicts. Anyway, what should we say at this time? In short, both parties have guns and guns, it is just a question of more or less, but no matter how we will understand this matter

However, we can think about things more clearly from another angle. For example, we have one hundred dollars and one gun in our hands, and the enemy has four guns and four people in his hands, but these four people and four guns are currently

They want to take away 80 of the 100 yuan from us. If we don’t give it to them, they will rob us, which means they want to kill us, but we also have guns in our hands? So we will definitely resist! This is the meaning of armed conflict.

In essence, the scale of the armed conflicts between Britain and the North American colonies at this time was not very large, but sporadic and scattered conflicts. This was because the actual military strength of North America at this time was not enough to start a life-and-death battle with Britain, so it was more

Many people in North America still choose to compromise at this time.

But this kind of compromise will definitely not last long, because if the UK continues like this, it is like holding a glass of water in our hands. The weight of the glass of water will double violently as we hold it for a long time, and eventually it will disappear again.

I can’t get it anymore. In fact, the British taxation in North America is also the same. Every month is like ninety yuan, and people in North America have ten yuan left to live on, but one month, two months, three months, etc.

, if it continues like this, this psychological imbalance will become more and more serious, so it will create greater resentment towards British taxation, and then it may reach an explosive situation.

The fact is that the situation is developing in a form as we understand it above. So on September 5, 1774, the British colonial representatives established the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, and secretly organized militia armed forces, and in

Concord had a warehouse of military supplies. When the British colonial governor of Massachusetts, Gage, learned of this news, he sent Colonel Smith to lead troops to seize it on April 18, 1775. The militiamen during the Battle of Lexington,

Eighteen people were sacrificed. The British army, which had destroyed military supplies, was surrounded by the armed forces of the Lexington people when they retreated. The British army fought and retreated, suffering 259 casualties.

The gunfire at Lexington was also the first battle in the American Revolutionary War. It shocked the entire North American colonies. Because no one had ever done this before, and this time it was the British army. Even so, the British army saw

They were still defeated, so the North American people who had been enslaved must have been very happy and shocked when they found out about this. This also made them start to imagine, because no one likes to be enslaved by others. This

It’s totally our human nature!

What's even more exaggerated is that although the militiamen repelled the British army, they were still unwilling to give in, so they quickly gathered again and surrounded Boston. On May 10, the Continental Congress held its second meeting in Philadelphia.

The conference decided to establish a truly revolutionary army, the Continental Army, with Washington appointed commander-in-chief.

In fact, these Continental armies were seriously short of guns and ammunition at this time, but they relied on their yearning for freedom and even their enthusiasm to first capture Montreal, Canada, and directly repelled the British army in Boston. Why? In fact, at this time

Because the British army had been fighting for seven years, its overall military strength had not recovered at all, and the exploitation of the colonial people was also intended to restore its original military strength. Therefore, the Continental Army defeated the colonists in Charleston in the south.

On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress passed the Declaration of Independence, and the Continental Army became the armed forces of the United States. All of a sudden, the people of the entire North American colony were excited. Washington led the army to victory one after another, which forced

British troops withdraw from central and western New Jersey.

But will the British army give up? Certainly not. This is like the meat in their British bowl, but now the meat in the bowl wants to resist and escape from their bowl. So far, there is no meat to eat. This is definitely not possible.

So at this time, the British intended to use Canada as a base, first to quell the American troops in northern England and New York, and then to advance to the central and southern parts. Burgoyne then led the British Canadian troops south, and the plan was to join Howe's garrison in New York. However, Howe

However, he changed his plan and headed south, and Burgoyne lost support. Coupled with the constant obstruction and harassment by the militiamen in New England, Burgoyne was unable to obtain sufficient supplies. In short, the movement was very slow.

On September 19, Burgoyne, who was in trouble, decided to abandon the line of communication, march southward in a desperate manner, and launched an attack on the American army at Freeman Farm. The tenacity of the American army caused heavy losses to the British army, with six casualties.

More than a hundred people. At this time, some people may ask, aren’t there only more than 600 casualties? How can this be a heavy casualty? In fact, this is really serious, because the British army is fighting in their own country. Originally, they themselves

The domestic situation is that the military strength is very weak, so the number of troops sent is not very large at all. Furthermore, this is a small garrison originally, so the casualties of these 600 people are definitely an extremely heavy casualty for the British army.

.

On October 7, the British army attacked again, and this time they were severely beaten by the US military. At this time, Burgoyne knew that he could no longer continue to fight. If he continued to fight, the entire army would be gone, so Burgoyne

He was forced to retreat at this time. On October 12, Burgoyne led the army to retreat near Saratoga. At this time, Burgoyne found that they were directly surrounded by the American troops pursuing them, so Burgoyne had to surrender.

The Treaty of Saratoga was signed with the United States on the 6th.

The victory of Saratoga was actually a turning point in the American War of Independence. All of a sudden, those countries in the world that opposed British power began to support the United States. This was just like the previous war between Britain and the Netherlands, and other countries were afraid of the British.

It is powerful, so it makes sense to provide various material support to the Netherlands.

But the current situation is a little different. What is different? In fact, the British military is very weak at this time. It has just fought for seven years. This is definitely not a joke. So other countries want to take advantage of this opportunity.

Directly destroy Britain. Since other countries have this idea, and they are all ambitious countries, they will definitely take action. For example, France, which has the greatest hatred for Britain, immediately declared war on Britain! France’s declaration of war

Immediately there were other chain reactions. All of a sudden, the West, the Netherlands, etc., all feared that Britain would continue to grow, or simply had enmity with Britain, and they all declared war on Britain one after another. This seems to be our Chinese ancestors.
Chapter completed!