It is not difficult to refine nitrate. As long as it is continuously heated and cooled, high-purity nitrate can be obtained.

The difficulty lies in matching.

For people in the 21st century laboratory, the ratio is of course simple. After all, the chemical system is mature, there are various equipment, and hundreds of years of knowledge accumulation in the human industrial era.

However, the ancients did not have knowledge of the chemical system, let alone the equipment, and did not have the concept of proportioning several chemical substances from a basic level of cognition.

The gunpowder ratio in the Song Dynasty was not called the ratio of nitrate, sulfur, and carbon.

After saltpeter is ground into powder and refined, it is called fire saltpeter. There is no concept of potassium nitrate.

It is even more impossible to call sulfur element sulfur, which is called sulfur. Sulfur is a mineral and it contains impurities.

Carbon is easy to say.

But there are no standards for purity testing of fire saltpeter and sulfur. How do you know the impurity ratio or purity content in it?

Therefore, what stands in front of the time traveler is not the methodology, but the basic theoretical knowledge system accumulated for hundreds of years in the industrial era of mankind, more accurate weights and measures, and the industrial system.

There is no way to solve it.

The most effective way is to keep experimenting, keep recording, and finally achieve success.

Experiments are normal, and this practical process, under Zhao Ning's control, still cultivates the scientific skills of recording, summarizing, and analyzing.

Of course, this takes time.

Even if powerful gunpowder is manufactured, it will not be mass-produced immediately. After all, the entire supply chain is very thin and cannot support large-scale production.

Even the previous Song Dynasty failed to produce gunpowder in large quantities.

Moreover, even if energy is produced, it cannot immediately go into war.

Because it needs training?

No, no, because if this thing is put into use on a large scale now, it will be easy for the Jin Kingdom to obtain the technology.

When the enemy is strong and we are weak, if you come up with something like this, you are not killing the enemy, but digging your own grave.

Just think about it, if the Jin Kingdom had imitated it, would they still use people to climb ladders to attack the city?

What are the consequences of increasing the amount of gunpowder, placing it directly under the city of Tokyo, and bombing it continuously?

Couldn't the Song Dynasty put gunpowder under the upper capital and bomb it?

sure!

But can the Song Army take the initiative in the Northern Expedition now?

They are no match even in field battles, so they can only defend.

Therefore, the war between the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty was not won if you came up with powerful gunpowder. The overall military strength was not good, and it was just to be used as a wedding dress.

The formula that Zhao Ning gave Chen Gui was not based on Betro's formula. He just asked Chen Gui to increase the proportion of fire and saltpeter, probably to about 65%, to see how powerful it was.

In order to increase the power of gunpowder, before the overall military strength of the Song Dynasty was raised, we should not use it too hard and shoot ourselves in the foot.

Zhao Ning added: "The amount of fire saltpeter can be increased a little."

Chen Gui said: "The official family, I think the key reason may not be just the fire and saltpeter."

"oh?"

Chen Gui said: "Maybe the sulfur contains too many impurities."

Zhao Ning looked at Chen Gui in surprise.

This guy is truly the man who invented the musket, and what he said does make sense.

Chen Gui added: "I am still continuing to refine the sulfur, and it may take many more attempts."

"Well, there's no rush in this matter. I mainly want to see the musket you brought to me."

"The officials are here, please."

The muskets mentioned in the stereotype are not the kind of muskets of later generations, let alone matchlocks and flintlock guns.

There is still a big difference between the traditional muskets that first appeared in Song Dynasty and the later matchlocks.

Chen Gui took Zhao Ning to another place.

Someone else took out about six long bamboos.

Each one is about two feet (about six meters) long.

There were three people holding bamboos with holes in them, filled with gunpowder and wires.

Then added a match rope lead.

When the fuse was ignited, there was a slight explosion in the bamboo, and a ball of flame spurted out from the mouth of the bamboo.

As soon as the flames came out, the three people held the bamboo poles and swung them in coordination with each other, as if they were defending the city.

This is the world's earliest tubular firearm.

It's very primitive, but much more efficient than Zhentianlei.

Just imagine if a thunderbolt is thrown down and explodes, sometimes it may not hit anyone.

This kind of "fire gun" can be used when the enemy is still on the ladder. Although it does not last long, as long as the flames spurt out, a siege soldier can fall upside down in an instant.

That scene is like using gunpowder to roast ants climbing the wall.

People are afraid of fire, this is instinctive.

After a while, the flame burned out.

Zhao Ning nodded with satisfaction, and then Chen Gui began to make arrangements again.

This time it is still a bamboo tube, but it is obviously thicker and shorter than the previous bamboo tube.

The length doesn't matter, the main thing is that it's thick enough.

Only when it is thick enough can there be enough stuff inside, and then the stuff can be ejected.

There was a hole in the middle of the giant bamboo. The men filled the hole with some ke, pushed the ke to the front, and then began to add gunpowder.

Finally a fuse was placed.

After lighting the fuse, there was an explosion, and the sub-nests inside immediately poured out, and all of them hit the opposite wall, leaving a large mark.

This time Zhao Ning was so surprised that she couldn't help but clap her hands and applaud.

This is the musket!

Seeing that Zhao Guan's family was satisfied, Chen Gui also breathed a sigh of relief.

Despite its simplicity, this thing is definitely epoch-making!

For the first time, humans began to use tubes to fire bullets, which was the prototype of muskets in later generations.

Zhao Ning was very satisfied and said, "Is this good enough to defend the city?"

Chen Gui said: "This thing is feasible for defending the city and can cause certain damage and interference to the enemy from a distance. However, bamboo may not be used many times."

"How about using iron?"

"Use iron?" Chen Gui was a little surprised.

I heard that Zhao Guan's family had given the Ordnance Supervisor some drawings before, saying that the artillery was also made of iron, but it has not been built until now.

Zhao Ning asked: "Can I use iron?"

Chen Gui thought for a while and said: "It is possible to make a hollow iron rod. I can try again."

"Definitely!"

Zhao Ning doesn't want to make any matchlocks, flintlock guns or the like immediately. That's unrealistic, but at least he can make iron tubular weapons to defend the city.

"Oh, by the way, officials, these are the process records of our production during this period, please take a look."

Zhao Ning took it and read it carefully. Although he was not an engineering student, he could still understand this primitive manufacturing principle.

It seems that Gokuyuan has accumulated a lot of experience when manufacturing muskets and muskets.

A weak science guy like Zhao Ning could see the problem at a glance.

It's not that there's anything wrong with the stereotype's logic.

The problem arises with weights and measures.

For example, the proportion of gunpowder, the filling of gunpowder, and the measurement are not big.

The smallest unit of weight in ancient times was the baht, one tael equals twenty-four baht.

But the question is, how to weigh one baht?

Or ten baht?

For example, if you want to put fifteen baht gunpowder into it, how do you put it in?

None of these are standardized.

Without standardization, it is impossible to accurately record experimental results.

Experimental results that cannot be accurately recorded are in vain.
Chapter completed!