The original markets in the Han Dynasty, or the regulations related to commerce in the Han Dynasty, were very superficial and simple. Just like in the beginning of Pingyang, there was no all-weather market. At first, like many cities in the Han Dynasty, the market only opened twice a day.
After three hours, it was changed to three times, namely the morning market, the evening market and the big market.
Large merchants basically go to the morning market, that is, the morning market. Because transportation is not as convenient as in later generations, many large-scale transactions hope to be able to trade early and start early, so as not to delay for an entire night, so basically the bigger the merchants, the more
He is a diligent and early riser. It is not like in some TV series where everyone goes to bed before the sun goes down.
The evening markets are usually held by ordinary small vendors in the surrounding area, because they need to go to the surrounding areas in the morning to collect supplies, and then start selling in the evening. Most of them do not have fixed stores, and can only set up stalls on the street, or carry goods.
Carrying burdens and hawking along the street.
As for the big market, in the middle of the day, that is, at noon, the surrounding farmers or small craftsmen rush from their homes to the cities and towns early in the morning. It is almost noon, and then sell some of their own products.
The vegetables and fruits produced, as well as some handicrafts and so on, are then either rushed home before the sun goes down, or they go back to buy some necessities at the evening market...
The market was basically like this throughout the Han Dynasty, and it was naturally the same in Pingyang in the beginning.
However, with the convenience of roads and the gathering of vendors, the original time for going to the market was not necessarily enough. The time dragged on longer and longer, and eventually even stayed up all night, selling 24 hours a day, so there was a large amount of goods.
All the vendors in the evening market have been moved outside the inner city, forming two large markets in the east and west. Due to the living needs of the people in the two large markets, many small vendors who were originally in the evening market have also begun to extend their service hours, from daytime to late night.
There are also shops and restaurants open...
If there is demand, there will naturally be business.
Just like the planned economy of later generations, many state-owned hotels and restaurants have only two or three hours of business a day. During the rest of the time, even if someone wants to eat, sorry, there is nothing, the fire is not lit, and the dishes are not available.
If the rice is washed and the rice is not steamed, the customer is either asked to wait or to leave. This situation also occurs in some so-called advanced European countries. Don’t even think about eating something hot when the time comes...
Only when there are needs, requirements, regulations and rules can the stable development of business be possible. Therefore, the business regulations implemented in Binh Duong are very cumbersome and complicated, which makes many traders not very adaptable and often forget some things.
Loss, for example, the business scope of a vendor is determined when registering at the beginning, and vendors are not allowed to change the business scope without authorization.
Selling in grocery stores naturally exceeds the original business scope of vendors. Therefore, under large-scale inspections, many vendors were arrested and not only had to pay a large fine, but also a large number of
Manuscripts, reprints, etc. were collected and then sold at different prices to students who needed these books.
Naturally, Ma Jun also grabbed a set of horse clothes, and carefully carried it to his temporary residence, as if he was holding a treasure, very happy.
Halfway through the road, I still saw some patrols taking some traders who had violated the rules to the Yamen for processing. At the same time, there were people preaching on the roadside, telling the laws and informing the people.
"Xun Lingjun has something to tell the people and merchants..."
Because the edicts were basically addressed to the broad masses of folk sects, the text was very easy to understand, but the content was not simple, because a term that absolutely did not exist in the Han Dynasty was mentioned here: "piracy"!
Who would have thought that Fei Qian stipulated the business scope of the shop in the beginning just to wait for this moment? I am afraid that even if someone knows, they will still fall into the trap. The new commercial law stipulates that all shops have a business scope, books
Naturally, books can only be sold by bookstores, and those who sell books through other channels, whether it is stores or individuals, will be punished as "piracy" and will be punished accordingly according to the amount of sales.
With such a new term, naturally some nobles and students from poor families gathered together and started talking, and some bolder ones asked questions loudly. However, the officials who publicized the announcement were not in chaos, nor did they scold, but went further.
It shows that those who copy books personally and give them to each other, as long as they are not used for profit, are not included in the crime of "piracy".
"How do we 'not profit from it'?" Someone else asked loudly, "If a family hires people to copy books and pays them some compensation, are these copyists also 'profiting'?"
Want to be punished?"
The official who publicized the edict looked at the details in his hand and replied with a smile: "The key to this crime is the book! The person who copied the book to get paid for copying the book is not guilty. There are thousands of books copied at home, and so on.
Not guilty. But if you use it to make money, it will be a crime! Do you understand?"
"Oh...that makes some sense..."
Just like in future generations, there are several terabytes of hard drives treasured in the home. As long as they are not spread or spread, the police will not touch them along the network cable. But if they make profits and spread them, then people who check the water meters will naturally come.
…
Ma Fu and Ma Jun were discussing this matter as they walked to their residence. Ma Fu said that this move was a good one, "It is a good place to live without having to buy something strange. It can be said to be good governance."
But Ma Jun knitted his eyebrows and pondered for a long time, then suddenly shook his head and sighed: "I'm afraid... I'm afraid it's not good governance, but actually... it's actually... bad governance!"
Ma Fu glared at Ma Jun and said, "What kind of bad government is this?" Then he held up the book in his arms and continued, "If there were no such good deeds, how could you and I get this book?" How much did it cost before?
Don’t you, Ma Jun, even know about it? If this were not the case, where would there be affordable books to buy? How can this be said to be a bad government?
Ma Jun stuttered out of habit, and said stumblingly: "Don't forget the salt and iron... the salt and iron policy... Hussar's move is not... just for the sake of taxation and huge profits... but it can be done here.
Well, what about the other place? If... if... wouldn't it mean that the lake is dry and fishing is going on?"
Ma Fu was stunned for a moment, shook his head, and said: "Not necessarily. Now under Hussar, the price of the bookstore is still acceptable. If others use it to make profits... this... it is natural for Hussar to do this..." Now
The bookstore in Pingyang is directly under the control of General Hussar. Naturally, it needs to pay attention to the interests of General Hussar. Is there any problem with this? It's like when some fruits grow in his own orchard, the owner of the orchard not only thinks of some ways to deal with thieves
They came to stop them, and they also said that there were too many thieves and they couldn't be stopped. Anyway, the only ones that were lost were the fruit trees, and in this way more people would know that this orchard is good, and it would also have a good publicity effect.
…
"Farmers eat... they eat their fields, workers eat their fields, workers eat their skills..." Ma Jun shook his head and said, "Businessmen eat, eat, eat their merchants, officials eat, eat, eat..."
"Officials earn their salary..." Ma Fu said, "I also know this, but the problem is if there are no businessmen and no officials, how can you and I get the clothes on our backs and the books in our hands?"
Ma Jun just shook his head. He felt that this matter was just like the salt and iron monopoly implemented by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It had many drawbacks and was not completely good governance.
When facing the political and business affairs of salt and iron, there was also a debate. The Sang Hongyang faction who supported the policy and the Xianliang Literary faction who opposed the policy started a war of words. Until now, when the pros and cons of these policies during the reign of Emperor Wu were discussed, the gentry children
Just like at the Salt and Iron Conference at that time, everyone held their own opinions and argued endlessly.
At the Salt and Iron Conference, Sang Hongyang believed that the official management of salt and iron, equalization and equalization of losses, and the wine tasting system were all beneficial to the country and the people, increasing the country's income and inhibiting the expansion of local power; Xianliang Literature believed that these policies were
The fundamental way to compete with the people and make the country rich is to strengthen agricultural production.
It should be said that the policies of Emperor Wu were very effective in the short term, and a large amount of wealth was accumulated, thus filling the vacancy in the national treasury and preventing the Northern Expedition of the Huns from dying midway. Of course, some of the money was used by Emperor Wu to build large-scale construction projects.
The palaces in Shanglinyuan are the best proof. At the same time, many officials often mix some selfish desires and profit from it when carrying out specific tasks, thus causing inefficiency or even counterproductive results in some aspects. This is naturally also
Reasons for the opposition of the virtuous literary school.
Ma Jun didn't care much about these things. He felt that it was a benefit to have a book in his arms. As for other aspects, the distance was too far away and was not an issue for him to consider. Unexpectedly, when he said this, Ma Jun
On the contrary, Zhengyi said calmly: "If we don't speak frankly about the pros and cons of politics, why, how, why..."
"Okay, okay, you have the final say..." Ma Fubu stopped arguing with Ma Jun, "You still?"
Ma Jun stared, sighed, said no more, and walked forward silently, returning to his residence to study.
Let’s not talk about how Ma Jun, a horse-fighting officer, sharpened his spear in his residence. Let’s just say that when Fei Qian faced the prototype of the imperial examination this time, he felt a little emotional and a little uneasy in his heart.
What is the imperial examination?
As the name suggests, it is of course a subject-based examination, and then the candidates are selected based on the test results. But now Fei Qian does not even dare to say the word "imperial examination", nor can he openly declare that he is a "meritist examination".
Now there is a big difference between the academic palace and the subject examination. There is no problem with this, because even in the Han Dynasty, there was a system of promoting filial piety and integrity, and there were two main subjects: filial piety and integrity and maocai. Even in Luoyang, the court would set up examinations to test
Now, although many of them are just a formality, there are precedents after all. Therefore, when Fei Qian makes these changes, many people think that they are just changes in details, not a big deal, and only a small number of people understand it.
There are deeper things in these changes.
Is the system of promoting filial piety and honesty in the Han Dynasty completely bad?
Not entirely.
You must know that in the Spring and Autumn Period, or even earlier periods, just like the Asan society of later generations, who and what people did were determined. The level of status was not determined by personal ability, but by surname and blood. Noble blood.
Yes, people who are born to be high-ranking officials but have low-blooded blood are still slaves no matter how talented they are. Therefore, regardless of their status at that time, the Qin State was the only one who even respected slaves as ministers.
The establishment of the Han Dynasty by Liu Bang did not mean that all the old aristocrats in various places were wiped out at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, but the system of promoting filial piety and integrity completely defeated the blood-supremacy talent system of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Therefore, to a certain extent, the talent system that promotes filial piety and integrity is also somewhat advanced.
However, the system of promoting filial piety and integrity is the basis for the unity of aristocratic noble families, even the disciples and former officials under these aristocratic noble families, including the people who are vassalized under these aristocratic noble families. By promoting filial piety and integrity, the noble families formed a mutual relationship with each other.
ties and interest groups.
The imperial examination broke down all these family and group backgrounds, so that theoretically speaking, commoner landowners with no family background or foundation could still stand on the same starting line as the descendants of generations of eunuchs to participate in the examination, thus greatly strengthening the
Mobility between upper and lower classes thus enhances the vitality of the entire society.
Similarly, it was precisely because of the imperial examination that the feudal class in China was extremely powerful, even more powerful than the feudal groups abroad. It was so powerful that it strongly inhibited the rise of the capital class. Even with the huge commercial and social foundation of the Song Dynasty, it still could not
Entering capital society like foreign countries, but continues to be suppressed.
Of course, this is also due to the integration of ethnic minorities...
But Fei Qian is also improving the shortcomings of the imperial examination, and now, the system of promoting filial piety and integrity has completely restricted the progress of society. Under the system of promoting filial piety and integrity, and even the nine-level Zhongzheng system introduced by Chen Qun later, ordinary people
People have absolutely no chance to get ahead. This is the source of social unrest and a deep-seated factor in the subsequent national integration.
Because when benefits cannot be obtained through normal means, ambitious people will consider using abnormal means to obtain them. This is human nature, and it is inevitable no matter what social form it is.
The imperial examination system was historically formed in the Tang Dynasty. After the great integration of the nationalities, the aristocratic families in various places were further weakened after the turmoil. In addition, it was severely tortured by Yang Guang several times. By the time Li Shimin came to power in the Tang Dynasty,
Only then did these aristocratic families hold their noses and admit it, and endured it...
The biggest difference between the examination system of the Tang Dynasty and that of the Sui Dynasty is that scholars do not have to pass local recommendations, but can self-recommend. To put it bluntly, as long as you are clean, have not broken the law, and have not been punished, in theory, all adults
All men are eligible to take the national civil service examination, and no recommender is required.
Even so, there is still a difference whether someone recommends it or not, and it even lasted for a long time. Otherwise, the Tang Dynasty would not have left so many people in history saying that the poems they worked so hard to write were recommended to those
After being promoted to high school, the officials used it to rub their buttocks...
So now that Fei Qian is taking this imperial examination, will he encounter a strong backlash? Fei Qian still doesn't have much knowledge about this matter, so when Linghu Shao, the great priest of the academy, came to ask about the first subject of this competition.
When asked what to use for the test, Fei Qian pondered for a moment and then said: "Bells, drums, tubes, chimes, feathers, wings, stems, and ribs are the instruments of music; bend, stretch, bend, raise, decorate, and sign.
Shu, Ji, are the texts of music; 簠, 簋, Zu, Dou, system, and articles are the instruments of rites. Lifting and lowering, up and down, Zhou Huan, Shen, and Xi are the texts of rites... In this way, we can use
Let’s take the title of the article on the instruments of music and ritual...
