Perhaps too many things happened this year, too many swords and guns, the displacement from various places, countless people and things rushed together, and then in the winter, I was finally able to put it down and be at ease.
Some.
Time seemed to be frozen by the temperature. After the autumn harvest and the riots, Guanzhong entered a rare period of peace. Ordinary people re-established their longing for the coming year, especially after Feiqian distributed some benefits.
After that, it made ordinary people's mouths somewhat shiny.
Really oily.
Gradually, the middle-aged man Fei Qian, who was greasy and greasy, distributed a bowl of oil to every household in and around Chang'an City who had been affected by the previous student riots.
Perhaps for many people in later generations, a bowl of oil is really an inconspicuous thing, and they refuse to eat even an extra piece of beef and mutton fat, let alone beef and mutton oil. But in the Han Dynasty, even Pang Tong, a man like Pang Tong, refused to eat it.
No matter the position, they will crave the intake of fat from their hearts, and ordinary people are even more scarce in fat.
Fei Qian sometimes wonders whether Pang Tong suffered from mental illness when he was a child, such as not grabbing the last piece of fat, which led to his special preference for fat now...
In the past, most of these beef and sheep fats were used for military purposes. For example, the blades of weapons and spears needed to be coated with a layer of oil to prevent rust. Leather and iron armor also needed oil, and even some other instruments also needed oil.
Oils are needed for maintenance, but this year, Fei Potential has slightly improved its technology and developed new alternatives. Naturally, these beef and mutton oils can be saved and become the welfare of the people.
For the children of the gentry, in this winter, they did not care much about the grease distributed by Fei Qian to the people, but paid attention to the "amnesty" edict coming from Xu County...
Wei Duan of the Senate has a sullen face every day, as if everyone owes him millions and tens of millions, but there are still people secretly discussing in meetings, speculating on how the Cavalry General Fei Qian will handle this matter.
matter.
And today, a new person came to the Senate, a new person who made Wei Duan feel very unhappy when he saw it...
Pei Yuan was very proud.
Just like some people often mistakenly think that a pit is an opportunity when they see it, Pei Yuan also thought that his "opportunity" had arrived.
Fei Qian appointed Pei Yuan as a false law counselor, specifically responsible for discussing the "amnesty", and then used this to determine whether to implement an "amnesty" for those students who made trouble.
Pei Yuan thought that this matter was very simple, and even thought that it was just a step for Fei Qian to be unwilling to obey the emperor's orders. After all, this amnesty came from the emperor Liu Xie, even though Fei Qian had the Xijing Shangshutai.
, but the emperor's orders naturally have to be obeyed. However, Fei Qian may have felt that he was being amnesty like this, and he couldn't care about his face, so he asked Pei Yuan to provide a step up.
As long as Pei Yuan handles this matter well, then the word "fake" on his head can be removed...
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Pei Yuan took office as a new official. After reporting to the Shenlu Academy, he excitedly rushed to Qinglong Temple with the two assistants and three attendants who were newly assigned to him.
In the Senate? Pei Yuan didn't get a good look from Wei Duan. This is normal. After all, Wei Duan's son was injured and disabled during the student riot. After all, he still couldn't hide it? Naturally, most people knew the relationship.
?Although on the surface everyone expresses deep regret for Wei Dan's disability, what is the actual mood? I'm afraid I know best.
So, how could Wei Duan look good on Pei Yuan, who was responsible for the "amnesty"?
But it doesn't matter, Pei Yuan feels that he has a plan in mind.
After all, the Han Dynasty was the dynasty that truly established the "amnesty" system. In other words, the amnesty in the Han Dynasty has made many people accustomed to it.
The amnesty system existed from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but it became a frequent political method after the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, amnesty was carried out more than 140 times, with an average of almost three to four years.
There was only one amnesty, so Pei Yuan naturally thought that discussing the amnesty was a "simple" task.
In the development process of Chinese civilization, justice naturally occupies an important place. As an important part of the ancient judicial system, pardon is not achieved overnight, but has a development process.
As early as the Pre-Qin Dynasty, there were legal codes involving the concept and cases of pardon, especially in the Han Dynasty. In the amnesty edict, classic discussions of the Pre-Qin Dynasty were even cited as the theoretical source of pardon to prove the rationality of its actions.
Generally speaking, the theoretical basis of amnesty comes from the "Book of Changes", and the so-called "forgiveness of sins is not serious" is true. At the same time, the Han Dynasty was also a dynasty that paid attention to auspiciousness, so it comes from the interpretation of the "Book of Changes", "A gentleman can forgive his sins."
Sin is also one of the reasons for forgiveness.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, for political needs, various countries had some amnesty activities. However, no matter what, the amnesty activities during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period had certain limitations. They were only political behaviors within their own country, and truly became the so-called "
"Amnesty for the World" only appeared after China was unified.
Although the amnesty system of the Han Dynasty did not formulate specific legal provisions, it was actually very large in terms of quantity and scope. It was a penalty elimination system that was effective throughout the country. Except for a few crimes, almost all crimes could be pardoned.
, and at the same time, if the edict specifically states that crimes that should not be pardoned according to convention can also be pardoned, it means that under such circumstances, all crimes can be pardoned.
For example, during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he granted amnesty twenty times, almost once every two years on average...
So, isn't this very simple?
When Pei Yuan arrived at Qinglong Temple, he opened the grass stall and prepared to deal with the matter with just a few casual thoughts. However, what Pei Yuan did not expect was that from the beginning, the direction of the discussion was beyond Pei Yuan's control.
Because the amnesty in the Han Dynasty was too casual, many nobles did not really agree with the amnesty. Of course, it would be good if the amnesty was placed on one's own head, but what if one's enemies were pardoned? Acceptable?
"...It is said that moral education is abolished and punishments are imposed. If the punishments are not met, evil spirits will arise. Evil spirits will accumulate at the bottom, and resentful animals will rise above. If there is disharmony between the upper and lower levels, the yin and yang will become violent and evildoers will arise. This disaster arises from a different cause. ...Therefore, I should forgive myself..."
This supports amnesty and is supported by Dong Zhongshu's ideas.
"There is a saying in the poem: Shang Yi is spread over the four directions. The reason why the sage has the heart to rule the heaven and the earth is to understand the difference between good and evil, to understand the difference between good and bad, and to understand the meaning of human nature, so that it does not go against his nature! Of course, he should not be punished. , so that those who have been wronged cannot be redressed, and those who suffer pain cannot be redressed, this will only bring harm to the country!"
This is against amnesty, and it also quotes Kuang Heng's argument as an argument.
"That's wrong! Purging evil and filth and renewing the sea is the only way to create peace. How can we not forgive it?"
"If the number of forgiveness and atonement is enough, the evil people will prosper and the good people will be hurt! How can we forgive?"
"When people are born, their nature is good, and they should be allowed to correct their mistakes and make a new start..."
"If you are pardoned after one year of age, the slave will do evil! How can there be a good person?"
"..."
Buzzing, chirping, supporters and opponents of the amnesty gathered at Qinglong Temple, foaming at the mouth, and Pei Yuan's head suddenly became three times as big as one.
The news spread back to the Huqifu Yamen.
Fei Qian shook his head and smiled, and said to Pang Tong: "No one mentioned the party prison, I'm afraid there are still concerns..."
Pang Tong nodded and said, "That's right!"
What Fei Qian prepared for Pei Yuan was this feast called "Dang Jing", an incident that made even the nobles feel painful when it was mentioned...
The trigger for the first party incarceration was a general amnesty.
In the ninth year of Yanxi reign of Emperor Huan, Zhang Cheng, a Hanoi alchemist, learned that the imperial court was going to issue an amnesty order, so he allowed his son to kill his enemy. His son went to kill his enemy, and did not run away after the murder, but took the initiative to wait for the official to come before him. He came to arrest him, and even claimed that he would be fine, and that the court would grant him amnesty.
It turned out that the person handling the case at the time was Li Ying. He was very angry and believed that this was a cunning person who could not be pardoned. So even though he received an amnesty edict, he had Zhang Cheng's son executed.
And Zhang Cheng is not the only one who does this.
The eunuchs Zhao Jin, Hou Lan and other accomplices, Zhang Fan, Xu Xuan and others also committed evil crimes and deliberately committed crimes before the amnesty, hoping to escape punishment. Not only Li Ying, but also local officials Cheng Jin, Zhai Chao, Liu Zhi, Huang Fu and others were not afraid of the powerful, and still dealt with these people according to law after the amnesty.
The eunuch, Zhang Cheng and others were naturally very dissatisfied, so the eunuch came up with the idea to ask Zhang Cheng's disciples to write a letter to Emperor Huan falsely accusing Li Ying and the imperial students. Famous people came and went frequently, formed cliques, slandered the court, and corrupted customs. Emperor Huan After receiving the letter from the prison cultivators, he was very angry and immediately ordered the arrest of party members nationwide.
Taiwei Chen Fan refused to carry out the edict, and Emperor Huan became even more angry, so he imprisoned Li Ying and others in Huangmen Beisi Prison. Involved in this case were Taifu Du Mi, Yushi Zhongcheng Chen Xiang, Chen Shi, Fan Pang, etc. 200
There were many people. Chen Fan was dismissed from office because he wrote a letter of extreme remonstrance and was accused of "not being the person to be summoned".
This is the first "disaster of party imprisonment" in history.
Of course, Emperor Heng was not fighting for the injustice against Zhang Cheng's son. The most fundamental reason was that "Xiang Quan" rejected "Imperial Quan", which made "Imperial Quan" feel bullied and launched a counterattack. Later, Emperor Quan even issued an amnesty again.
He also noted "party members will not be pardoned" to show his authority.
Xun Yu naturally knew this, but the current amnesty was beneficial to the Cao regime, so Xun Yu used the amnesty as a means.
"After the amnesty, evildoers will not diminish, and crimes will not stop. Today, you will be pardoned, but tomorrow you will break the law again. What is the purpose of amnesty?" Fei Qian said slowly, "Nowadays, all etiquette and discipline have failed, customs and morals are abnormal, and amnesty is a good thing."
Being a disciple is tantamount to encouraging bad trends and is not suitable for troubled times..."
"There is nothing worse than pardoning and redeeming a good citizen." Pang Tong also agrees with Fei Qian's concept, "They are greedy and cruel, cruel and corrupt officials, plundering and killing innocent people, and infringing upon the common people. If they are pardoned, the evildoers will always be exalted."
The old thief disguises himself and hides and passes through the door; the filial son sees the enemy but cannot avenge it; the dead master sees the thing but cannot take it..."
Fei Qian smiled and said, "Let's talk about it..."
Regarding the matter of "amnesty", Fei Qian has deeper considerations. Of course, at this stage, he will let Pei Yuan struggle for a while...
Fei Qian waved his hand, and asked Pang Tong to take a look at some utensils.
"This thing..." Pang Tong moved his nose, obviously smelling some special smell, then he opened the lid of the bamboo tube and took a look, and blurted out, "kerosene?"
Fei Qian pointed to one of the bamboo tubes and said: "This is kerosene, the rest are all made of stone lacquer..."
Stone paint, also known as Shizhishui, is the ancient name for petroleum.
China is the first country to discover oil and begin to utilize it. Of course, this is due to China's good historical record tradition. Other nations or countries may have also used oil, but there is no written record to prove this.
In the "Book of Changes", it is said that "there is fire in the lake" and "there is fire in the lake", which means there is fire burning on the water, which is a phenomenon of spontaneous combustion of petroleum vapor on the water.
The first place where Feiqian obtained oil was in Shangjun.
There is a muddy water near Gaonu, Shangjun, and perhaps because the underground oil is brought out by the water flow in the gaps, some oil will float on the water, which can be collected with flannel and linen cloth.
However, Fei Qian has only used petroleum in the military for a long time, producing fierce oil. However, there are actually many uses for petroleum, and no research has been carried out on any of them.
For example, the simplest one, the ink block made by collecting the black smoke produced after burning is more delicate and soft than ordinary ink, and can be used to make the top layer of ink block. However, the original ink block will cause great damage to vegetation.
, so if you switch to using petroleum to make ink, you can reduce some of the impact on the ecological environment to a certain extent.
At the same time, burning oil for heating is also an important role in the current Little Ice Age. In a cold environment, even dry firewood and coal are not easy to ignite, but adding kerosene makes it much more convenient, and both oil and coal
The new burning species for heating, even if Fei Qian is risking his life and using it with all his strength now, will probably only be a drop in the bucket for future generations, but it can avoid the deforestation of Guanzhong vegetation to a certain extent. If it can form a social
Habit, maybe the big rivers in future generations won’t be so yellow?
Looking at the row of several bamboo tubes in front of him, Fei Qian felt a little emotional, "You can get something like this by boiling it with stone lacquer. If it is not good enough, it will cause fire, burn and destroy it. I don't know how many times..."
Engaging in scientific research is really not an easy task.
Although Fei Qian had learned about distillation technology in his junior high school chemistry class, and even knew that petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, asphalt, etc. are the products of aromatic hydrocarbons with different boiling points produced through distillation, but Fei Qian could not remember how to do it specifically.
Yes. The junior high school chemistry textbook simply drew an equal sign and noted the word distillation. However, when it comes to actual practice, it contains too many things and many unknowns.
Huang Yueying almost burned down the Hussar's backyard...
"Huh? Shi Yuan is not allowed...it cannot be eaten..." Fei Qian saw that Pang Tong seemed to subconsciously put some oil to his mouth, and quickly stopped him. Fei Qian did not want to name this oil "Luo Feng Oil"
.
Fortunately, Pang Tong only wanted to try the clear oil, and was not interested in the thick and pungent black oil.
Pang Tong put down the bamboo tube in his hand, then pointed to the other one and said: "The smell of this oil is okay...but there is a bit of a stench inside this tube..."
Fei Qian nodded and said: "These four kinds of oils are all made from stone paint. They are slightly different and have different uses."
Due to limitations of conditions and materials, Fei Qian could not carry out precise fractionation and refining of oil like later generations, but could only roughly separate it to produce four different oils.
One very important thing is that Feiqian has separated grease that can be used as lubricating oil. After separating the clear oil that is easier to burn, the grease separated again will be relatively viscous. Although it can also be used for burning,
But it is not flammable, so it can completely replace the original lubrication effect of plant and animal oils.
Previously, all of Feiqian's lubricants and weapon maintenance oils used animal fats, mainly cattle and sheep fats. Later, pig fats were added. However, most people in the Han Dynasty did not have enough meat to eat.
Using animal fats for lubrication of utensils and maintenance of weapons is undoubtedly a relatively luxurious thing.
Now, lubricating oil refined from petroleum has replaced animal oil, so the saved animal oil can be consumed by more Han people to improve their physical quality.
Moreover, this kind of lubricating oil can be widely used in various machinery, including but not limited to workshop hydraulic equipment, various vehicle bearings and other mechanical load-bearing gears.
Of course, this also includes ballistae.
There are also steering bearings on four-wheel vehicles.
China has not developed four-wheeled carriages before. There are many reasons, but the most important point is that they are not needed. Two-wheeled carriages are already sufficient, so there is no need for further improvement.
However, Feiqian is different now. When the Western Region is opened up, a large number of carrying vehicles must be transported back and forth. However, relying solely on camels, horses and other animal power is undoubtedly insufficient. Four-wheeled vehicles with stronger and greater carrying capacity will become
It is an important starting point to solve traffic problems.
Another important oil is the extraction of the clear oil that Pang Tong wanted to taste.
Very easy to burn and light in weight.
Fei Qian thinks it should be similar to the one between kerosene and gasoline in later generations. It is lighter than the originally used fire oil, which means it can be used with trebuchets to produce an effect similar to gasoline bombs...
This is a very terrible weapon for attacking large-scale targets, especially sieges.
Pang Tong looked at it, then pinched the sparse beard on his fleshy chin and said, "My Lord, can this thing conquer the Western Regions?"
Fei Qian nodded and said, "A certain person has been sent directly to Yumen, and he will be able to reach the Western Regions in the near future. The foreign countries have built strong cities in the Western Regions, and a strong attack will surely cause many losses. This is the right time." Moreover, there is also oil in the Western Regions.
Pang Tong's expression changed slightly, he took a breath, and said with a slight sigh, "So, the Western Region is settled..."
