This batch of porcelain sent to Qianlong from the imperial kiln factory was all made of red ground, foreign colors, and flowers.
If we follow some modern people’s opinions, is this too vulgar?
However, judging from the tribute form, we can get a glimpse of the palace's favor for foreign-colored porcelain at that time.
The emperor likes it, but do the ministers like it?
It's like Cixi likes tourmaline and jade,
Then a trend will form, and all Chinese people will start to like it, and it remains the same until now.
There's nothing you can do about this kind of thing if you don't accept it.
Who made the Qianlong Emperor prosperous? He combined all kinds of glazes and colors into one, and he was original.
To do such a "pretentious" thing, you must have had enough food and clothing.
Official kiln porcelain firing,
It was restored in the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty and flourished in the Yongzheng Dynasty.
It reached its peak in the Qianlong Dynasty.
There must be a flag flying at the top, and the "Porcelain Mother" is this flying flag.
Therefore, Yangcai can also be regarded as a flag of the third generation of the Qing Dynasty.
If you want to make porcelain from the third and third dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, you must be able to make foreign colors, and you must be good at it, otherwise the finished products will be worthless garbage.
Yangcai is not simple, and this kind of craft is not something that anyone can learn if they want to master it.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, this craft reached its peak.
According to the "Chronicle of Ceramics" written by Tang Ying, the pottery official who was in charge of the 13th year of Yongzheng's reign: "The Western-colored vessels, the new imitation of Western enamel painting techniques, the figures, landscapes, flowers, and feathers are all exquisite and fascinating."
It can be seen that the porcelain body and foreign colors were fired during the Yongzheng period.
Judging from the Clearance of Finished Works of the Manufacturing Office of the Household Office of the Qing Palace, most of the porcelain-bodied foreign-colored porcelain was produced after the sixth year of Qianlong's reign, at the Jingzhen Imperial Kiln Factory supervised by Tang Ying, the pottery superintendent at that time.
Finish.
This kind of foreign-colored porcelain was deeply loved by Emperor Qianlong.
Now let’s look at some introductions to antiques,
It seems that on many porcelains from the third and third dynasties of the Qing Dynasty,
They all have Yangcai characters.
In fact, the amount of Yangcai porcelain fired is very rare.
As long as there are porcelains made of Yangcai craftsmanship, Emperor Qianlong personally directed the naming, seating, boxing, and grading of the works.
Most of these works are collected in the Duan Ning Hall and Yangxin Hall of Qianqing Palace.
Except for a few displays in the Old Summer Palace that were later plundered by invaders, very few were basically lost to the outside world.
It is now known in China that Lu Gongzhiqiang, the descendant of aristocratic Japanese collectors, has two treasures in his collection.
This is well-documented, and there is no other confirmation. It can be said that it is rare in the market.
Why are there so few? Mainly because this thing originally came from the palace.
During the Kangxi period, the Manufacturing Office of the Qing Palace established the "Enamel Works" to specialize in firing enamel wares.
There are two types of enamel-colored porcelain in the Qing Dynasty: one is porcelain-painted enamel (enamel color), and the other is porcelain-embroidered foreign porcelain, both of which are official kiln porcelain completed in the "enamel production".
The process is to first burn the utensil body at the imperial kiln in Jingzhen or in Yixing and other places.
The ones with excellent quality are selected and transported to the palace, and then they are painted with enamel in the "enamel making".
Put it into the furnace and bake it again.
This kind of porcelain, which requires one piece to be manufactured in two places, is an unprecedented initiative in the history of ceramics.
The so-called "foreign color" refers to enamel-colored porcelain that imitates Western painting techniques.
As for the use and promotion of foreign colors, we still have to talk about Tang Ying.
During the Qianlong period, Tang Ying, the pottery supervisor, personally went to Jiangxi Province every spring and autumn to supervise the production of imperial porcelain.
In order to win the emperor's heart, Tang Ying constantly introduced new ideas, studied new techniques, and racked his brains to design new styles.
It was at that time that he fired a batch of hollowed-out spinners that were praised as "supernatural and magical";
He also pioneered the icing on the cake carving technique, which brought the splendor and splendor of foreign colors to the extreme.
"Yangcai" is a term used innovatively by Tang Ying.
After Tang Ying, Jingzhen official kilns could no longer produce exquisite and peerless works like those produced by Qianlong in the early period.
So how exquisite is this batch of porcelain? Take for example a pair of simple-shaped porcelain bowls with a porcelain body, magenta and red earthen flowers, landscapes and water.
On the outer walls of this pair of bowls, there are four circular consecrated places, in which landscapes and figures of the four seasons are painted in ink and color respectively.
Is this description too simple? Let’s contrast it.
Because Qianlong liked this kind of utensils, he listed them as "the first class in Qianqing Palace".
Also listed as the "First Class of the Qianqing Palace" is a "magnetic tire with Yangcai, Ruizhi, Yanghua, and cicada patterns" imitating a bronze.
It is important to note that there are at least fifteen kinds of glazes used in this vessel.
Also, it was produced under the supervision of Tang Ying, the pottery supervisor.
Only two pieces were made at that time, and they were important pieces in the palace's art collection.
Here we can also discuss the porcelain mother piece at auction. Why do many people think it is authentic?
The problem lies here. Tang Ying must have made one pair at that time, at least one pair!
Coupled with the fact that the craftsmanship, features are correct, and the inheritance is orderly, it will naturally be considered genuine.
Let’s talk about foreign-colored porcelain. Unlike other types of porcelain, the palace basically did not use foreign-colored porcelain as rewards.
When the Palace Museum was established in 1925, the Qing Dynasty Cleanup Committee came to the palace to inventory the cultural relics and found almost nothing missing.
The most fortunate thing is that most of these porcelain-shaped foreign paintings are well preserved and are currently stored in the Forbidden City on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
The Wanwan Palace Museum has the largest collection of enamel porcelain from the Qianlong Dynasty, with more than 500 pieces.
There are definitely not many porcelains like this that are made half by the town and half by the palace.
There must be less lost among the people, so the value of some porcelain that uses some foreign color techniques will increase.
So how is this kind of porcelain made?
This kind of craft must be learned when you encounter it. This is Chen Wenzhe's good habit.
In fact, there are only a few types of new color pattern techniques, mainly color, painting, hooking and shooting.
"Color" refers to the volume, light and shade, depth and shade of the pattern, and is colored with colored pens.
"Painting" mainly means to flatten the pattern color blocks, and "hooking" mainly means to draw lines.
"Pat" the whole piece of light background color, use a brush dipped in old oil to apply the color evenly, and pat it gently with silk cotton. After patting, the color will be uniform and delicate.
In ceramic decoration, due to the characteristics of porcelain shape and quality, as well as the need for large-scale reproduction and production, the design draft is often done directly on the porcelain.
This is because it is easier to consider the relationship between the picture and people's sight, as well as the balance, completeness, rhythm and other artistic requirements of the composition based on the shape of the vessel.
At the same time, a pattern can be reproduced on the same device type, with unified specifications, which facilitates mass reproduction and production.
Therefore, before painting porcelain, you must go through the processes of drawing, upgrading, making, and taking pictures, and then you can use consistent colors on the porcelain.
To start a drawing, you use light black water to sketch out the conceptual pattern, just like using a pencil to draft on paper.
After the drawing is conceived, I use thick ink to outline the light ink once.
Upgrading the image is to remove the rough and select the essential, delete unnecessary lines, refine the shape of the entire picture, and finally achieve the purpose of finalizing the picture.