Chapter 1,255 The Difficulty of Difficulties Jiao Huang Glaze
There are so many exquisite pastel porcelains from the Qing Dynasty, especially those from the third and third dynasties of the Qing Dynasty!
Chen Wenzhe only made a few imitations, and that was all.
If you really let your hands go and imitate, you won't be able to imitate much in just a few months.
Therefore, pastel porcelain is a fine product from the Yongzheng period. The next most famous one should be enamel porcelain, right?
Fortunately, he had done it before and had thoroughly studied this craft. Otherwise, he would have been blinded if he suddenly made enamel-colored porcelain.
After thinking for a while, Chen Wenzhe didn't want to make it too troublesome, so he just made a peony pattern bowl.
This kind of bowl was also very famous among the Qing palace.
One of the most special ones is probably the yellow ground enamel bowl with peony pattern.
This yellow-ground enamel bowl with peony pattern has a plain interior without any decoration, and a yellow-colored ground on the outside.
Eight blooming peonies are painted on it in pink, blue, green, purple, lotus and other colors.
Inside the blue square frame at the bottom of the bowl is a two-line, four-character seal in regular script "Made by the Emperor Kangxi".
The painting technique of this bowl has changed the rules of copper enamelware. It is no longer a rigid style, but tends to be vivid and realistic.
Its white and delicate texture, jade-like glaze, bright and gorgeous colors, and superb painting skills fully reflect the exquisiteness of the royal palace utensils.
Because this is yellow ground enamel porcelain, the yellow glazed porcelain itself is very special for the ancient royal family, let alone this is a special enamel porcelain made for the palace.
Yellow glazed porcelain is a type of ceramics that first appeared in the Tang Dynasty Huainan Shouzhou kiln, Sichuan Qionglai kiln, Nanhe Mi County Xiguan kiln, Jiaoxian kiln, Xishan Huangbao kiln, Xishan Hunyuan kiln, Beihe Quyang kiln, among which
The yellow glazed porcelain of Shouzhou kiln is the most famous.
Yellow glazed porcelain occupies a very important position in ancient ceramic art, because yellow has always been the color reserved for emperors.
Yellow-glazed porcelain was used by the courts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and was never allowed to be used by the public.
Even during the Jiajing period when rebellions continued, civilian use was strictly prohibited.
Even if gold color can be used in folk kilns, yellow glazed porcelain cannot be used.
Bright yellow is the color of gold. In my country's feudal dynasties, starting from the Tang Dynasty, bright yellow was the exclusive color of the emperor, and yellow robes were regarded as the imperial clothing of feudal emperors.
Yellow is the uniform of the king, and it is a symbol of imperial power.
Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, wore yellow robes as his regular uniform. Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao rebelled and wore yellow robes, which meant that they had ascended to the throne.
During the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, dragon robes, dragon chairs, dragon flags, imperial chariots, feather covers, imperial edicts, and glazed tile covers were all yellow.
Until now, it and red are the main colors that can represent our country.
Although this glaze color is very special, its coloring agent is not that special.
It is a low-temperature glazed porcelain fired in an oxidizing flame atmosphere with an appropriate amount of iron as a coloring agent and lead as a cosolvent.
Before the Ming Dynasty, most of the low-temperature yellow rice was tawny or dark yellow, not true yellow.
Among the yellow-glazed porcelain handed down from generation to generation, Xuande products are the earliest.
Most of the utensils handed down from ancient times are plates, and most of them are daily-use porcelain.
In other words, yellow glazed porcelain is generally used daily by nobles in the palace.
The utensils used are slightly different depending on the identity.
Generally, yellow glaze ware is applied with yellow grain both inside and outside. The glaze color is delicate, the glaze surface is plump and smooth, and the whole body has no lines.
During the Hongzhi and Zhengde periods, Huangshan reached its highest level in history.
At this time, the color of the utensils is uniform, the glaze is smooth and traceless, the color is moist and delicate, and the gloss is good, just like chicken fat, it is a real yellow.
Because when applying glaze, the glaze is poured directly on the white glazed porcelain or plain body, so the glaze layer is not easy to peel off, hence the name "Pouring Yellow".
Because of its lighter color and delicate appearance, it is also called "delicate yellow".
In the late Ming Dynasty, the firing of yellow glazed porcelain stopped for a time, and it was not resumed until the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty.
The yellow-glazed porcelain of the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties mainly followed the Ming Dynasty's yellow-glazed porcelain, and mainly imitated the Xuande and Hongzhi yellow-glazed porcelain.
In the yellow-glazed porcelain of this period, various decorative techniques such as concealed engraving, scratching, printing, and carving, as well as on-glaze painting, were applied to the yellow-glazed porcelain.
This not only enriched the variety of yellow glazed porcelain, but also reflected innovative colors. It changed the "plain" appearance of the previous single-color yellow glazed porcelain and formed another peak in the development history of yellow glazed porcelain.
The fine porcelain of the late Qing Dynasty was mostly official kiln porcelain represented by Guangxu yellow glazed porcelain used by the Empress Dowager Cixi.
Now Chen Wenzhe imitates the fine works of the three dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, among which the most exquisite ones are definitely the enamels, especially the Qianlong enamels and pastels.
The yellow ground has the most enamel colors, because this kind of decoration can best represent the royal dignity.
Therefore, this is another large-scale official kiln classification, and it is also a representative work among the official kilns.
According to different historical periods, yellow glazed porcelain is divided into two types: high-temperature glaze and low-temperature glaze!
In the Qing Dynasty, glass white was added to the fired yellow glaze, making the color brighter and whiter than in the Ming Dynasty, without the delicate feel of the Ming Dynasty.
The firing method is not difficult. One is to apply yellow glaze directly on the blank and then fire it. The other is to apply yellow glaze on the already fired one.
Speaking of yellow glaze, we have to mention the Ming Dynasty, because the pure yellow glaze on porcelain began in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty. It did not appear in the Ming Dynasty, but Muramasa's yellow glaze appeared in the Yongle period.
After that, all dynasties fired porcelain and it was used exclusively for the palace.
The yellow-glazed porcelain of the Ming Dynasty is truly extraordinary. Its firing history and achievements can be divided into three periods: the early Ming Dynasty, the middle Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty.
In ancient times, real yellow-glazed porcelain was still relatively difficult to bake, mainly because of the technical difficulties.
At that time, yellow porcelain was very difficult to fire and the process was complex, usually requiring four passes into the furnace.
One is plain firing; the second is glaze (white) firing; the third is glaze (yellow) firing; and the fourth is gold firing.
The number of firings and the complexity of the process made it easy for the ancients to make mistakes, so there is a saying that nine out of ten kilns will fail.
Secondly, if the temperature is not well controlled and there are no modern tools, the formation of this yellow porcelain will be more difficult.
Because the yellow glaze will decompose at 800 degrees, and the yellow porcelain will turn into porcelain at a high temperature of 1450 degrees, this is the most difficult problem.
Even if it is fired well and becomes porcelain, it is difficult to make the porcelain perfect in terms of quality.
Ceramics are usually classified according to their firing temperature.
From low-temperature pottery with the lowest temperature, to medium-temperature fine pottery, medium stoneware, high-temperature white porcelain, strengthened porcelain, high-temperature fine white porcelain, jade porcelain, etc., they are all fired at different temperatures.
The yellow porcelain is fired at a high temperature of 1450 degrees, so the jade is like gelatin, which is very precious.
Different from the low-temperature yellow glazed porcelain of the Tang Dynasty, the process of actually firing yellow glazed porcelain is more complicated.
For example, making porcelain requires 72 processes, large and small.
Among them, if there is any mistake in the mud material, mud making, grouting, blank making, trimming, yellow glaze sticking, gold decals, etc., a piece of porcelain will be scrapped.
Even if it is burned, it still needs to be evaluated for quality.
Not all porcelain in a kiln can produce good results after firing.
Especially porcelain in wood-fired kilns often burns out a lot due to the uneven temperature inside the kiln.