During the Xuande period, the markings on porcelain were even more distinctive.
The porcelain designs of this period were not only numerous in number, but also had no fixed location.
It is for this reason that there is a saying that "the Xuande style is full of knowledge".
Next is the blank period, that is, the three dynasties of Zhengtong, Jingtai, and Tianshun.
There is a huge contrast between these three dynasties and the Xuande period. During this period, no porcelain of the official official kiln date has been found. The specific reason is not yet known.
Then, the porcelain bookmarks of the Chenghua, Hongzhi, Zhengde, Jiajing, Longqing, and Wanli periods have been made.
In the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the imperial kiln factory ceased operations.
During this period, official kilns in the traditional sense were no longer produced, and porcelain from private kilns became the mainstream.
Its quality has also been greatly improved, even far exceeding the previous official kiln products.
However, the porcelain of this period does not have the official kiln year mark on the bottom, and some of the better-quality private kilns often have fake entrustments written on them.
There was an obvious process of emergence, development and evolution in the official kilns of the Ming Dynasty when writing imperial year inscriptions.
Its type, style and arrangement directly affected the production and manufacturing of official kiln porcelain in the Qing Dynasty.
If you want to imitate a complete set of Ming Dynasty official kilns, you really need to pay attention to this point.
In particular, we need to pay more attention to the categories and characteristics of the base models of official kilns in the Ming Dynasty.
In general, based on the Ming Dynasty official kiln porcelain unearthed and handed down, its base model needs to meet many characteristics.
To sum up, it is: "The Yongle style is small, the Xuande style is large, the Chenghua style is fat, the Hongzhi style is showy, the Zhengde style is respectful, and the Jiajing style is miscellaneous."
Porcelain dating from the Yongle period is extremely rare, both in unearthed cultural relics and in museum collections.
Moreover, whether it is an engraving, printing, or blue and white inscription, it is basically a four- or six-character seal script inscription.
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The Ming Dynasty's "Museum Essentials" records: "The hand cup is pressed, the mouth is folded at the waist, the sand is slippery on the bottom, the center is painted with two lions and a hydrangea, and inside the ball there are six or four characters in seal script made in the Yongle year of the Ming Dynasty, as thin as a grain of rice. This is It is of the highest quality; the mandarin duck heart is the second best, and the flower heart is the second best. The blue and green flowers on the outside of the cup are exquisite, and have been passed down for a long time, and the price is also very high."
The slight difference is that single-color glaze porcelain is usually printed or engraved.
During the Xuande period, most of the inscriptions were in blue and white regular script, and most were in six-character double-line inscriptions "Xuande Year of the Ming Dynasty";
There are also more special ones, such as the six-character single line "Xuande Year of the Ming Dynasty" written on the center of the bowl.
This kind of inscription includes the four-character and six-character inscriptions written on the edge of the mouth, the six-character inscription on the shoulder of the jar, etc.
Monochromatic glazed porcelain inherits the characteristics of the previous dynasty and is mainly printed or engraved;
The halberd-covered jars produced during the Xuande period bear the inscription "Dade Auspicious Field" and are also a type of official money.
Chenghua official inscriptions are mainly composed of six-character blue and white regular script inscriptions "Chenghua Year System of the Ming Dynasty", with double circles or double frames on the outside;
Among them, the bottom cup and the small wine glass are mostly written with a double frame.
At this time, a large number of porcelain from folk kilns also began to have inscriptions written on them.
In addition to the words "Made in the Chenghua Year of the Ming Dynasty", these utensils also have the styles of "Made in the Chenghua Year of the Ming Dynasty", "Made in the Chenghua Year of the Ming Dynasty", and "Made in the Next Year of the Ming Dynasty";
The most famous jar with the word "天" in the Chenghua period has the word "天" written in blue and white regular script on the bottom.
Mr. Sun Yingzhou, a famous ceramics researcher, once compiled a six-character inscription from the Chenghua period into a key point.
"The rounded tip of the big character is not high, the formed character is straightened to the waist, the human character is flat and the head is small, the made character is less horizontal and the knife is wider. The bright character is sharp and the years are fat, and the formed character is three-pointed with a head, shoulders and waist."
The inscriptions on Chenghua porcelain changed from the random style of the Xuande period and became gradually standardized and stylized.
Most of the inscriptions are on the bottom of the vessel, with a small amount of writing on the edge of the vessel's mouth.
There is also a goblet with the inscription written around the inside of the goblet.
The Chenghua style font has a unique style and is believed to have been written by the emperor himself. The font is full and large, almost fitting the outer frame.
The base model from the Hongzhi period has the same hair color as Chenghua, but the shape and size of the characters are slightly different.
The overall style of the Hongzhi period is more delicate, and the distance between characters is larger.
The edges of the characters are not as close to the outer frame as the Chenghua ones.
In addition, some small details should also be paid attention to, for example, the right half of the character "Hong" is almost flush with the upper half of the character "Gong" on the left;
The three points of water in "Zhi" are slightly lower than the right half, and the last horizontal line of the word "口" is a little longer.
During the Hongzhi Dynasty, there was also a yellow-glazed lamp with a blue and white seal script with the four characters "Hongzhi Year System" written on the inner bottom.
The markings on Zhengde porcelain are particularly neat, and the frame structure is straight and powerful.
During this period, four-character regular script styles and alum-red color backgrounds were mostly popular, while covertly engraved and stenciled styles were rarely seen;
Moreover, in the four-character designation, the word "year" is not written vertically but with an extra horizontal stroke, which is called "four horizontal years".
There was more than one kind of blue and white pigment in official kilns during the Zhengde period.
In the early days, Pingpingqing was used, with a dull and elegant color, similar to the blue and white style of the Chenghong period.
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In the later stage, the formula of stone green and back green is used, and the hair color is blue with purple.
The bases written on different green materials are also different.
Based on these characteristics, the blue and white porcelain of the Zhengde period can be subdivided.
The inscriptions of the Jiajing period had thicker fonts, deep purple color and a sapphire-like hair color.
The strokes of each character are particularly obvious, especially the close strokes of the strokes and strokes in each character are approximately at the same level, making it unique.
Other features include the character "Li" on the left side of the character "Jing" in early models, which is flush with the upper half of the character "青" on the right side.
After the middle period, the position of the word "Li" gradually moved downwards, and these detailed features sometimes need to be paid more attention to.
In addition, it is often said that Jiajing's models are miscellaneous, mainly because Jiajing's models have more than just chronological models.
In addition to the chronological inscriptions, there are also the heavenly stems and earthly branches, hall number inscriptions, and auspicious inscriptions that are also common. The variety and richness of the connotations are the highest in the past dynasties.
There are few actual porcelains from the Longqing period, and most of the year stamps found are written "Made in the Longqing Year of the Ming Dynasty", with six characters in two lines;
In rare cases, there are also four-character, double-row, double-circle models, with the word "Zhi" replacing the word "Zhao".
Generally, bowls, plates, bottles, cans, washers, etc., are written on the bottom;
For a large porcelain vat, the calligraphy is placed under the rim of the vessel.
Wanli reigned for the longest time in the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), a total of 48 years.
There are two ways to write the word "wan".
In the early Wanli period, the character "8" crossed the first horizontal line;
In the middle and late stages, the horoscope is inverted, but the head is horizontal;
And the vertical line in the middle of the character "Yu" in the lower half of the character "Wan" is connected with the horizontal line in the beginning of the character "草".
In general, the base funds of the Wanli period are similar to those of the Jiajing period.
However, the type is relatively simple, with only dated inscriptions, and mainly six-character double-line regular script inscriptions with double circles on the outside.
The more special ones include: six-character three-line regular script inscriptions, with double circles of blue and white on the outside;
Six-character double-line version and six-character single-line version, surrounded by a double frame.
Wanli's calligraphy style is quite similar to "Yan style", which is honest and strong, dignified and neat, and has powerful twists and turns.
Usually, the blue and white materials used in the blue and white base models are the same as the cobalt materials used in the paintings of that period.
But there are some exceptions, especially the bottom years.