In the late Shang Dynasty, the etiquette system was gradually destroyed, and violations of etiquette often occurred.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the ritual systems of the vassal states gradually became chaotic. Each country had its own ritual characteristics and burial customs, and gradually became separated from the Central Plains.
Sacrifice became popular during the Shang Dynasty. Most nobles sacrificed their lives, and the higher the rank, the more nobles sacrificed their lives.
Like Fuhao's Tomb, it even reached a peak.
People were found buried in many kilns and bronze smelting sites in the Shang Dynasty, which can be understood as sacrifices for foundation laying ceremonies.
By the Zhou Dynasty, fewer and fewer people were dying, which should be due to the progress of civilization.
Nobles were often buried with pits for chariots and horses, but common people did not. Nobles were also buried with musical instruments, but common people did not.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the ritual systems of the vassal states gradually became chaotic. Each country had its own ritual characteristics and burial customs, and gradually became separated from the Central Plains.
The reason why Chen Wenzhe wanted to search for tombs before the Shang Dynasty was not just a random guess.
Mainly the tombs in the prehistoric period, such as the clan period, were public cemeteries.
The tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are more complete in quality based on the Shang Dynasty.
The accessories under the body are under the body, and the small things, especially all are under the seventh-floor stage!
The victims were all placed under the seven-story platform, and some of them had no burial tools.
Obviously, "tribal tombs" from the Shang and Zhou dynasties appear in the photos.
It was common for nobles to have waist pits in their tombs. At most one dog would be sacrificed in the pit, and if there was no waist pit, a human would be sacrificed. This phenomenon was still used until the Western Zhou Dynasty.
First, the Western Zhou Dynasty system of sealing the tombs with soil and planting trees was challenged.
In this way, the short tomb passage, which was originally just for the convenience of earth transportation and burial, has become a symbol of caste status.
In the late and middle Western Han Dynasty, practical utensils were mainly buried with the dead.
The system of using musical instruments and the system of carriages and horses have not changed.
The tomb of King Zhongshan was built in the late Warring States period in Pingshan County, Beihe. The tombs of the king and his predecessors and concubines were juxtaposed. A low rammed earth platform was constructed below, and a sacrificial building was built under the platform.
There are few ways to tell the age of an ancient tomb or the identity of its owner.
That is the earliest architectural design found in your country.
However, the chariots and horses were buried in the tomb chamber and tomb passage. Instead, a separate chariot and horse pit was set up at the far side of the tomb.
In terms of the burial system, the hierarchical system was generally prominent in the Zhou Dynasty.
The hierarchical system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was constantly under attack, and the phenomenon of transcending etiquette was everywhere.
In the tombs of nobles in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, there were still no chariots or horses.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, small tombs with earth seals began to appear.
The coffin chamber built by the tomb merchants for tomb sacrifices was also a new system in the Shang Dynasty. The number of funerary objects in the tombs of nobles is astonishing.
In addition to the following, there is no location of the items. The tomb must be preserved in a broken state, and some error messages may also be obtained.
Tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty often include human sacrifices, ranging from as many as one person to as few as seven.
During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, it developed into "ethnic tombs", consisting of cemeteries for royal family members and state tombs for all people.
By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the types and quantities of Ming vessels became even smaller.
Probably since the Spring and Autumn Period, the earth under the tomb has gradually accumulated to become a tomb.
A copper plate titled "Thaoyu Diagram" was unearthed from the tomb, with the names and dimensions of the mausoleum walls, mounds, sacrificial chambers and ancillary buildings engraved underneath.
Although the cemetery of Qin nobles in Fengxiang, Western Shaanxi, was built during the Warring States Period, the graves have not yet been erected, but trenches have been dug to surround it.
For example, the location of grave goods in Western Zhou tombs is not strictly regulated.
In the Han Dynasty, compared with the Warring States Period, the number of burial objects in Han tombs increased, while the proportion of bronze ware increased, while the proportion of lacquerware increased.
A Chinese-shaped tomb with no seven tomb passages, and an A-shaped tomb with no tomb passages.
Although some noble tombs still use tomb passages, the tomb of Marquis Cai during the Spring and Autumn Period already used tomb passages, indicating that the tomb passage system since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties has not ended.
Including models of warehouses, stoves, wells, mills, and pavilions, as well as idols such as pigs, dogs, and chickens.
It is the same class affiliation and hierarchical relationship that is its essence and core.
Small tombs do not have seven tomb passages, followed by seven tomb passages or one tomb passage, and there are no tomb passages built (such as the tomb of Emperor Wu Ding's concubine Fu Hao).
It’s not under the tomb, or under the low earth platform about 70 to 80 centimeters below the head!
The tombs of emperors of the Shang Dynasty cannot be represented by the small tombs in Yinxu. The tombs are all rectangular in plan, with a seven-story platform dug out in the middle. The tomb has no waist pit and a dog is buried inside.
With the establishment of the feudal system, the tombs during the Warring States Period underwent minor changes.
As for the special people, they belong to the lower class. Some of them dig holes and bury them, and some of them don’t even have tombs. Our bones are often found in ash pits or layers of ash.
The actual excavation data shows that this regulation is not completely followed, and there are no additions or deletions.
That was a small change in the burial objects in ancient Chinese tombs.
It is actually not difficult to tell what period these tombs are from.
The shape of the small tombs of the Zhou Dynasty emperors was basically the same, but the princes also did not use the seven-tomb system.
In the Shang Dynasty, the system of using wine vessels as bronze ritual vessels evolved into a new ritual system of matching bronze tripods and guis.
There are raised tombs under the tombs, but there are small sacrificial buildings built under the tombs that are not there (such as the tomb of Fu Huai).
Except for the tomb passage mentioned later, there are no regulations for the coffins in the tomb, that is, "the emperor's coffin has one layer, the princes have seven layers, the husband has eight layers, and the scholar has another layer."
After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, there were no various kinds of ceramic utensils specially made for burials.
Based on those similarities, one cannot mistakenly determine the period of a tomb, or even the level of its owner.
With those new systems, the identity and rank of the deceased cannot be determined based on actual findings.
In order to store small amounts of food and drinks, there are often many small pottery vessels in tombs.
During the Warring States Period, imperial cemeteries appeared, such as the Qin Palace Cemetery.
From current research, it can be seen that in the Shang Dynasty, the bronze goblet in the wine vessel and the number of nobles were used to indicate the status of the tomb owner.
Retreating to the Spring and Autumn Period, the slavery system gradually shook and power moved upward.
The classes are the same, the style of the tombs, the specifications and quantity of the burials, and even the utensils are all the same.
One possibility is that the deceased was treated with ordinary courtesy, and the other possibility is that the deceased was overstepped in the situation of "property breaks down and music is good".
The burial ritual vessels include four tripods for the emperor and the king, one tripod for the minister, seven tripods for the husband, eight tripods or one tripod for the scholar.
For example, the royal tombs of the Shang Dynasty did not contain large tombs.
The wooden coffin chamber in the tomb of the King of Shang was built in a square shape with thick and small wood, while the other coffin chambers were in a rectangular shape.
For example, Anyang Wuguan Village in the Nanhe River, the Yin Dynasty royal tomb area in the northwest hills area, and the Zhou Dynasty Jinhou Cemetery in Quwo, Xishan are typical representatives of cemeteries.
The attendants who were buried were placed under the platform on the first floor or in the tomb passage. There were also pits for sacrificed animals, chariots and horses, and a small number of slaves in the tomb.
Chen Wenzhe just wanted to see if there would be some Xia Dynasty or previous public cemeteries inside.
After the late Western Han Dynasty, real chariots and horses were no longer used for burials, but wooden or pottery chariot and horse models were used instead. Therefore, he paid special attention to other small state tombs.
The small tombs of the Zhou Dynasty that have been discovered all adopt the form of earthen wooden coffins, and the tomb chambers are built with well-dry small logs.
However, in the state tombs in various places, there are neither civilians nor officials.