The thief sentiment is like a fire, sweeping through the southwest. Although the core state capitals in central and northern Yunnan, such as Shanchan, Lizhou (Dali), Jianchang and other important towns, have always been as solid as rocks and have not lost anything, the great southwest rebellion in Yunnan and Guizhou has been blamed.
, it was enough to make the imperial court sleepless and uneasy.
The most important thing about the Yunnan and Guizhou Rebellion to the imperial court was not how many barbarians and chieftains rebelled, how many unruly people rebelled, how many towns were destroyed, and how many officials and people were killed. To be honest, even if Yunnan and Guizhou were completely defeated, all the people would be destroyed.
Even if everyone is dead, it doesn't matter to the imperial court. After all, it is difficult to shake the foundation of the empire.
Where is the core ruling area of the empire? It is always in the Central Plains and Hebei. Of course, in the past two or three decades, with the rapid economic development and prosperity, the southeastern Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions have gradually caught up and become the core and most powerful driving force to maintain the operation of the empire's ruling order.
.
As for other places, such as the northwest, southwest, Shanyang, and northeast, although they were all inseparable parts of the empire and played a tripartite role, they were still second-rate and belonged to the face and symbol of a strong empire.
For this dignity and glory of the empire, in order to maintain the great reputation of "Jianlong Heyuan", the imperial court cannot allow rebellion and betrayal to occur. The empire in its strong period also has enough strength to detect violence and control chaos.
For a unified central empire, no matter which side has serious unrest, it means that there is a problem in the empire's rule, and a solution will inevitably be found.
On the other hand, the development of things is universally connected. Even in the high mountains and dense forests, poisonous insect miasma is still an important obstacle to the connection between Yunnan and Guizhou and the outside world. However, in the Jianlong era, after all, it was very different from the past, and the connections were getting closer and closer.
Even Xuanzong's Tang Dynasty was capable of conquering Nanzhao, let alone Yunnan and Guizhou, which had been under the rule for decades. At the same time, if the situation in Yunnan and Guizhou deteriorated for a long time, the terrain, climate, ethnic distribution, and governance status would be highly similar to it.
The southern prefectures and counties of Jiannan, western Guangxi, western Hunan, and even Tubo on the other side of the plateau are inevitably affected by it. If the scope is expanded, it will become an elite place that the imperial court will risk its life to protect.
Although more than thirty years have passed since the Sichuan-Sichuan Rebellion, its influence and lessons still exist. At least for Liu Wenji, the emperor and his ministers who had experienced it personally, they did not dare to be too careless.
Therefore, for the sake of the tranquility of the southwest and the rule of the empire, it is natural that the imperial court attaches great importance to the Yunnan-Guizhou Rebellion. It must be killed as soon as possible and the impact should be controlled within the Yunnan-Guizhou region as much as possible.
Seeing that the chaos was expanding and the rebels were spreading, but the local officials and soldiers could not control it, the empire finally formally launched its efforts from the central level below. The edict to march into Yunnan and Guizhou to counter the rebellion and the formation of the counter-insurgency army were issued in the 10th year of Jianlong's reign.
(1027) Officially implemented.
Of course, although the imperial court under Liu Wenji's spurs would inevitably suffer from some "big empire diseases" of being slow and arrogant, its efficiency, especially on major military and political issues such as the Yunnan-Guizhou Rebellion, would not be so slow.
The reason why it was delayed until the tenth year of Jianlong was for two reasons. One was to wait, observe, and understand the development of the chaos, and at the same time hope that Yunnan and Guizhou would digest it and settle it themselves; the other was that after the beginning of autumn in the ninth year of Jianlong,
The imperial court had begun intensive preparations to counter the rebellion, raising food and equipment, and deploying troops and generals. It took more than half a year to build an iron barrel-like encirclement from the important towns in Yunnan and Guizhou and their surroundings.
Emperor Liu Wenji may not be proficient in military affairs, but he knows the overall situation, the general outline, and the strategy. At the same time, he has many outstanding military talents around him to plan the expedition. There are three main people who plan the overall situation of the southwest military for Liu Wenji: Zhang Jian, the Minister of War, and
Xiao Gong, who was transferred from the Shaofu to the Palace Supervisor and Privy Councilor, and the most important Privy Deputy, Cao Wei.
Cao Wei was also the commander-in-chief of the southwest rebellion. He was appointed by Liu Wenji as the Southwest Inspection Envoy, governor of Jiannan, Hunan, Guangxi, and the Yunnan and Guizhou Army. At the same time, Cao Wei was assigned two deputies, the Southwest Inspection Envoy Zhe Weichang.
With Cao Keming, the inspection envoy of Guangdong and Guangxi.
Needless to say, Zhe Weichang is a direct descendant of the Zhe family who is in his prime. The veteran Cao Keming is the nephew of Baizhangbo Cao Guangshi. He is a battle-hardened general with strong ability to command and respond on the battlefield. Even in his sixties, he can
Lead the sword and control the strings, and stay in Guangxi all year round.
For a long time, in the eyes of many imperial officials, Cao Wei was able to rise to a high position and become the "Standing Deputy Privy Councilor" of the Privy Council because of his resume and family background. During his military career, although he participated in the suppression of several internal rebellions,
But there really aren’t many results that can convince the public.
Of course, this is actually a common problem among all military generals under the peaceful empire system. Origin, resume and qualifications are the main basis for promotion. After all, unlike the older generation of generals, almost everyone can show great military exploits. Only
However, because Cao Wei holds a high position, this point is magnified even more.
Therefore, the trip to the southwest was not only a major event concerning the rule of the Han Empire, but also a battle of proof for Cao Wei himself. Such an opportunity did not really come until the twilight years of his life.
, Cao Wei, who lived in the tenth year of Jianlong, is already fifty-five years old.
War is the best school for soldiers and the most efficient training ground. In the process of countering the rebellion in the southwest, a group of young generals gradually emerged, such as Yang Wenguang (youngest son of Yang Yanzhao), Tian Sixie (Tian Sixie), who has a distinguished family background.
Renlang's grandson), Ma Changyi (Ma Renyu's grandson), etc.
Obviously, no matter how much the emperor fears military meritorious service and the resulting attacks and suppressions, if the country is in trouble, he will still inevitably be tilted towards him when selecting troops and generals.
Of course, Liu Wenji's intention was to appease the nobles, but the deep-rooted influence of the nobles on the army was also an important factor. The Yunnan-Guizhou Rebellion was, to a certain extent, good for the nobles.
, at least it made them feel proud and happy to turn over once!
During the war, no one dared to blatantly suppress restrictions. In terms of the overall situation, Liu Wenji also did not allow people who were holding back or dissenters.
Of course, in addition to nobles and nobles, there are still elites from poor families who have risen through this, such as the famous Di Qing. Under Cao Keming, he first followed him to quell the riots in Guangxi. Due to his bravery in combat, he was discovered by the patrolman Cao Keming and was even mentioned.
Level two, becoming a junior petty officer.
Later, he marched into Yunnan and attacked Suining Prefecture, where the rebels who initiated the rebellion gathered. Now that he had people under his command, his performance was even better. He was not only brave and daring to fight, but also knew how to use strategies, observe the situation, and know the pros and cons, and finally captured A'a personally.
The head of Yuebu Chieftain completely made Cao Keming look at him with new eyes.
After that, Di Qing was out of control. In his early twenties, he gradually became the sharpest knife under Cao Keming, often stabbing those rebels who were difficult to deal with and difficult to defeat.
Before the chaos was quelled, Di Qing was just a penniless soldier. After the chaos was quelled, he recruited the commander of the First Army under the Eastern Route Army and became a mid-level general with outstanding military exploits. He also presented a list of victorious generals when he returned to the court
among others, he could go to the palace and see the emperor.
Of course, experiences like Di Qing's, even under the political tendency of the emperor to promote and value poor generals, are still legends among legends and exceptions among exceptions.
And he was not the only one who could reach that step. Cao Keming was not the only one. Di Qing joined the army at the age of sixteen, and it took him three years to become a commander.
It was during the early Qianyu period that Yao Yuanfu, the Duke of Fen State in Fangzhen County, recommended him to Beijing to serve in the Guards Department of the Forbidden Army.
The imperial court wanted to conquer the southwest, so it was naturally impossible to use all the local troops. Di Qing's Feng Sheng Army was transferred to the southwest, and he was transferred to Cao Keming's command along with Zuo Xiang.
After the Southwest, Di Qing's Bole became the emperor of the Han Dynasty. However, even though he later became a typical figure among Liu Wenji's personal promotion of generals from poor families, before Di Qing became successful, it was still the military veterans who helped him.
In the military system of the Han Empire, the nobles controlled the upward path and firmly occupied the middle and high-level positions. However, at the grassroots level of the imperial army, it was not a backwater, and not all nobles were so narrow-minded and selfish.
Let’s return to the Yunnan and Guizhou Rebellion. In order to quell it, the imperial court also paid an extremely high price. It spent more than 300,000 soldiers and civilians, wasted more than 10 million guan in money, and consumed more than 2 million shi in food, which took more than three years.
War is becoming an increasingly expensive thing for the Central Empire. However, with so many manpower, less than 30% is directly used to suppress thieves and quell chaos. The remaining 70% is invested in various projects to maintain the war.
Logistical losses are incurred
In the matter of quelling the chaos in Yunnan and Guizhou, Cao Wei strategically adopted the policy of "mainly military, supplemented by politics, advancing slowly, and defeating them one by one." After all, he was a minister who had held military orders in the Privy Council for many years, and he had a high vision and broad vision.
Very broad and well aware of the nature of the means of war.
Therefore, in the process of counterinsurgency, in many places, military threats are used first, political appeasement is the mainstay, and profit bribery is second. In fact, the so-called Yunnan and Guizhou rebellion is just that the rebellion is spread over a wide area and has many participating forces, resulting in
The bad influence is very great, but it does not mean that everyone in the Tao is rebelling.
At least, the bureaucrats, officers and soldiers were still firmly loyal to the court, or to their own power and interests. It was impossible for the Han tycoons to be of the same mind as the barbarians. They might fish in troubled waters, but they could not go all the way, especially in the court.
After the great mobilization of troops, many Han tycoons and local cowards took the initiative to participate in quelling the chaos, sending people, money, and strength to assist Wang's division in suppressing the bandits.
Even as Shanshan explained, the chieftains in areas such as Lizhou did not follow the poor barbarians and rebel against the imperial court. They were in the core ruling circle of the state capital and were more affected. They were more sinicized and more
Understand the power of the imperial court and the "bottom line".
At the same time, under the rule of the empire and from the exchanges with the Han people, they still gained more benefits than those who were exploited. Therefore, these chieftains were less rebellious and more on the sidelines. When the king's army entered Yunnan, they would eat
There are many people who lead the way.
With so many factors and the combined efforts of the three parties, although the Yunnan-Guizhou Rebellion lasted for several years, its outcome was destined. This is inseparable from the powerful strength of the imperial court and the results of decades of Sinicization. This is
General trend.
Speaking of military matters, Cao Wei played "step by step" very well. Under his overall control, several groups of troops eliminated the rebels step by step with a very calm attitude and order.
Yunnan and Guizhou is a game of chess. Before placing the stones, the interfering factors outside the chessboard must be cleared first. Cao Wei led the army to the southern part of Ding Jiannan, only to save Chang'an and Hunan, and Cao Keming flattened Guangxi. When the surrounding areas were cleared and settled, soldiers and horses gathered.
, with all the grain, machinery and livestock ready, we officially marched into Yunnan and Guizhou.
In the process of advancing the army, Cao Wei also used a large part of his military and civilian power to provide logistical support and open roads. The intensity was so intense that it spread to the capital and caused some strange rumors. It was said that Privy Council Cao led the imperial court for ten years.
Tens of thousands of troops and hundreds of thousands of people went to the southwest to build roads at a cost of millions of state dollars.
Although the cost was huge, the scene was ugly, and there were many criticisms, the consolidation of transportation was one of the most important factors for the smooth pacification of Yunnan and Guizhou. Many of the road projects during the war were upgraded to official roads after the chaos was quelled.
, becoming a thoroughfare connecting the prefectures of Yunnan and Guizhou.
The transportation in Yunnan and Guizhou has been almost completely upgraded by Cao Wei. It has great internal transportation and close external connections. It has played a huge role in promoting the recovery and development of Yunnan and Guizhou after the chaos.
The Yunnan and Guizhou Rebellion continued until the early spring of the 13th year of Jianlong's reign, when the last rebel force in the Tengchong area was annihilated by the Han army, and it was officially declared over. This chaos, for the Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces, there is no doubt that
It was an all-round violent destruction.
The economy was paralyzed, all industries were depressed, and due to the war, the transportation of materials was difficult. Although most of the cities maintained defensive security, many people died of starvation, which caused a huge "tide of people leaving the city" in Erdao.
The loss of population is visible to the naked eye, but due to the ambiguity of the Yunnan and Guizhou population, it is difficult to calculate exactly how many people died. However, according to the population register submitted to the Ministry of Household Affairs on the Second Road in the 15th year of Jianlong's reign,
Look, compared to before the chaos, the registered population is more than 300,000 less.
In the mountains and forests of Yunnan and Guizhou, there are also a large number of ruins of barbarian settlements, which are deserted and eerie. Before the rebellion, not only were there people, but at least there was endless smoke.
Over the past few decades, the imperial court had ennobled 194 chieftain families in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. By the 13th year of Jianlong's reign, only 61 families were left. More than a hundred of them had disappeared, either because they were destroyed by the imperial army's quelling rebellion, or in the civil war.
He was annexed by other chieftains during the chaos.
Devastated, chicken feathers everywhere, the ultimate consequences of the Yunnan-Guizhou Rebellion, but it is not without some positive significance. At least, after a vigorous reshuffle, social resources have been redistributed, social conflicts have been alleviated, and with the canonization of new chieftains
As the war unfolded, the imperial court's control over Yunnan and Guizhou actually strengthened, and the assimilation of Han civilization into the local area further deepened.
Once Yunnan and Guizhou are stabilized, the entire Southwest will have peace for several more decades.
In addition, this great chaos also caused a large number of tribal people to flow south to Bagan and the Annan Kingdom, which had a significant impact on the rule of the two countries. Needless to say, the Annan side sent troops to annihilate it, but the annihilation was not complete. It gradually integrated with the local area and became
A restless force active on the border between Guangnan West Road and Annan.
As for the Bagan State, based on their anti-Han stance, those people quickly united with the declining Bagan State to confront the Linhai State, which allowed it to survive for a few more years.
Later, due to land, tribal conflicts, and power struggles, the two broke up. After a fight, the Bagan Kingdom was actually destroyed by it. Of course, the Linhai Kingdom finally took advantage and took the opportunity to unify the Myanmar region and complete the founding monarch.
Liu Wenhai’s unfinished business.
However, those "Li tribes" that have taken root have surrendered to Linhai State, but they have always been its northern enemy. They have been active in the mountainous areas on the border between Yunnan and Linhai for hundreds of years.
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