The so-called peace treaty is an agreement between hostile parties - usually countries and governments - to formally end wars and armed conflicts, that is, a treaty to end wars and restore peace.
A general peace treaty is a treaty in which both parties are on equal footing and have reached exchange terms acceptable to both parties. This is also called an equal treaty. There is also a kind of peace treaty called an unequal treaty, which refers to a treaty that is finally concluded and does not set the rights and obligations of the parties.
The most common reason for this is that one or more parties use force or threaten to use force to force the other party to reach a treaty that stipulates that the rights and benefits of both parties are unequal.
In the society that Yunzheng lived in more than a hundred or two hundred years ago, it was easy to sign unequal treaties, but there was no such thing as forcing others to sign unequal treaties. This really made Yunzheng, a Han nationalist, heartbroken. He thought about it back then.
When I strengthened the Han Dynasty and prospered the Tang Dynasty, I took great care of you barbarians. Especially in the Tang Dynasty, those barbarian generals not only used them without fail, but also used them for special purposes and had many preferential policies. But these barbarians were barbarians.
As soon as they saw something happened in the Han court, they immediately turned around and started to attack, especially the Uighurs, who were especially cruel and uneducable. The second was the group of herdsmen in Mobei. None of them knew how to farm, but they especially yearned for the "Southern Dynasty"
"Flower World", I just want to come to Wuhuanhua again one day and enjoy the worship of the most noble "Celestial People"
Yunzheng is a Han nationalist, at least he has always thought so, but since he became concerned with Xiao Zhiqiong, he has been more or less in a trance. Sometimes when he thinks back, the Qing Dynasty is not everything in his heart.
You deserve it, but if you really want to talk about it, it’s not completely useless.
After capturing Zhongjing, he gradually forced the Liao Kingdom to bow to him. He had a wish and thought in his heart, that is, he hoped to unify a country that was at least no smaller than the "Celestial Dynasty" in later generations.
However, after he carefully thought about the significance of the existence of the Liao Kingdom and the Jurchens, a strange idea suddenly came to him. This idea was vague before, but now it is becoming clearer. That is, the minority nationalities that occupied an important position in ancient Chinese history
, ethnic minorities who have been marginalized in our official history of past dynasties - are they the driving force that promotes the continuous advancement of Chinese history?
Yunzheng admitted that as an authentic Han Chinese, he did not have a deep understanding of ethnic minorities. He also inevitably lacked a sense of cultural identity and national pride for ethnic minorities, and it was difficult to truly stand in their position and perspective.
To look at Chinese history, but as a Han nationality educated under orthodox concepts, in addition to taking Han culture as the orthodox view of history, he feels that when we re-examine history and think about history, we cannot avoid the reality that a minority in Chinese history
National political power is a solid existence. The empires they established have almost without exception greatly affected the course of Chinese history. They even influenced the direction of Chinese history at major historical junctures.
Not only the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty, but also the Jin regime that dominated the north during the Northern Song Dynasty. Looking forward, there are a long list of ethnic minority regimes that are the most typical and have the greatest impact on Chinese history: the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Northern Wei Dynasty established by the Tuoba clan, the Song Dynasty was the Liao and Jin regimes that confronted the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty established by the Mongols, etc.
These "barbarian tribes" who originated from the wild lands of northern China used their iron cavalry time and time again to create a powerful empire that was indispensable in Chinese history. They even swept away most of the land of China time and time again, and then no one was left.
Exceptions, they threw themselves into the embrace of Han culture without hesitation. They used their ambition and almost instinctive strong will to expand the territory, expanding the territory of the Chinese Empire outwards circle by circle. Then these powerful empires
It was replaced by the Han dynasty. It flourished vigorously and died suddenly, like a puff of wind and smoke, but it left a mark on history that can never be erased.
The emergence of these ethnic minorities often brings a powerful ending to the chaotic political situation and the unification of the political power. It also often breaks the silent feudal dynasty into pieces, injecting fresh and wild nature into the long history of China.
They used their cavalry to trample Han culture wantonly, but in the blink of an eye they redoubled their efforts to continue to carry forward Han traditional culture, and became the unshirkable inheritors and promoters of Han culture.
In turn, if we look at the performance of the Han dynasty during the period of separatism and confrontation between the ethnic minority regimes, we will know that the defensive strategy of the Han dynasty encouraged the offensive of the ethnic minority regimes, and the partial security strategy allowed the ethnic minority regimes that entered the Central Plains to consolidate and grow.
, finally intoxicated by the "warm wind" in the south of the Yangtze River, the Zhongshan River was broken by the pressing steps of the northern ethnic minorities, and perished and replaced amidst the roar of the ethnic minority armies.
The transformation and replacement of **** and stages is a very important and interesting phenomenon in the struggle between ethnic minority regimes and Han dynasties. Ethnic minority regimes often originate in the prosperous period of Han dynasties and flourish when the domestic class contradictions intensify in the Han dynasty.
When the rulers have no time to care about other things, they can seize development opportunities, take the opportunity to strengthen themselves, and take advantage of the intensification of conflicts in the Han Dynasty stage to send troops south to compete in the Central Plains. At this time, conflicts often turn into major conflicts, and the Han people can most of the time
"Brothers build a wall to resist their aggression", and they can unite to defend the northern territory. However, it is too late. Peace has lasted for a long time, military discipline has been slack, and the Han army, which has been pampered for a long time, is no match for the fierce nomads. Military failure is almost inevitable.
Yes, it can also be said that the temporary victory of nomadic culture over agricultural culture is almost the destined outcome of history.
As a result, regime confrontation emerged. After that, the ethnic minority regimes worked hard to unify China. They always tried their best to govern at the beginning, so that the world would be peaceful, the faster the ethnic integration would be, the more thoroughly the ethnic minorities would accept Han culture, and the more ethnic conflicts would be weakened.
Just like the struggle against the Qing Dynasty and the restoration of the Ming Dynasty, after Kangxi pacified the three feudal lords, regained Taiwan, and implemented the Manchu-Han integration policy, these anti-Qing struggles in the past were no longer a thing.
After the Qing emperors came to power, the rule of ethnic minority regimes was essentially still the rule of Han culture. They had been completely integrated into the Han nation, and the ruling group dominated by Han people became their right-hand man. As a result, class contradictions arose again among the subordinate ministers.
Accumulation and intensification, another round of dynasty change
It can be said that the intensification of class conflicts in the Han dynasty provided a golden historical opportunity for ethnic minorities to take control of the Central Plains. Those regimes that had developed over the years and were fully fledged could seize this opportunity and achieve the great cause of dominating the Central Plains. And those who could seize these historical opportunities
Those who have achieved great things and achieved great things are all heroes of a generation who can influence the course of history. However, they can achieve the cause of emperors and work hard to establish a powerful dynasty, but they may not be able to guarantee that their descendants will be able to tremble to support their ancestors in the prosperous times.
It is guaranteed to break out of the historical cycle of the replacement of the Han Dynasty.
After moving to the Central Plains, the ethnic minority regimes invariably chose to abandon the idea of "ruling the world immediately", dismounted and entered the palace, appointed Han talents as officials, and relied on the Han bureaucracy to maintain the stability of their political power. At the same time, none of them
Exceptionally, they gave up their own nomadic culture and basically accepted the advanced Han culture without reservation. They even changed their living customs. Emperor Wei Xiaowen even changed his surname to Han to maintain the Han culture.
The common values that continue in Chinese society are also a strict system for the ruling group to maintain social and political order. Without this, the ethnic minority regimes cannot gain control and legitimacy, nor can they solve the "technical" problems of ruling the world. Therefore, they can only accept it, and
It also needs to be accepted without reservation. The more thoroughly it is accepted, the more powerful its rule will be - this is especially obvious when comparing the Yuan and Qing Dynasties.
However, while accepting it, they were also doomed to be assimilated into Han culture, accepted the intensification of class conflicts a few years later, and accepted the fate of Han culture as dynasties changed in Chinese history - I don't know if it was their lucky charm.
Or is it a prophecy of their downfall?
Some people say that the Qing Dynasty actually opposed the integration of Manchu and Han people. Yunzheng also agreed with this view. However, he also learned that the foundation of a nation lies in its unique culture. So no matter how the Manchus are unwilling to share blood with the Han people,
Integration, but in fact it has been completely integrated by the Han people.
In fact, the northern minorities entered the Central Plains again and again, objectively strengthening the integration of ethnic groups, and thus forming a new Han culture step by step. The word "new" in this "new" Han culture is very important. Many people in later generations always like to emphasize that the Han people
Purity, in fact, this issue has been explained by our ancestors, it is the issue of "what is China" mentioned earlier in this book. Yunzheng's attitude is that as long as we actively accept the culture of the Han nation and integrate into the Han nation
, that is the real Chinese nation
You must know that the Han people did not fall out of thin air, nor are they extremely pure. In ancient times, the tribes of Huangdi and Yandi merged, the Shang and Zhou dynasties merged with the surrounding Yi, Di, Man, and Hu, and the Spring and Autumn Period merged with the Linhu and other minority groups in the north.
The merger of ethnic groups gradually formed the Han nation. To put it simply, the blood of this nation has never been "pure". This is not about raising horses and dogs. What is the use of pure blood? What is important is the cultural connotation.
Regarding the Han nationality, Yun Zheng is naturally not an expert in national history, but anyone with some knowledge of history knows that the Han nationality has never been a single and pure nation. The Han nationality is the nation with the strongest tolerance and assimilation ability in the world. The greatness of the Han nation lies precisely in it.
The sea embraces all kinds of rivers and never rejects streams. It opens its mind to absorb and tolerate many ethnic minorities (mostly ethnic groups called barbarians by traditional historians), integrates with them, intermarryes, and finally becomes the same, regardless of each other, and becomes one family. If the Han people were from the beginning
Refuse to accept other ethnic groups, and the Han culture rejects other backward nomadic cultures and marginal civilizations, then it is very likely that to this day, the Han people are still a nation confined to the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains region, and China's territory is still limited to the Central Plains region
National pride must not be equated with narrow nationalism. If we do not have national self-confidence and national pride, are not proud of our own nation, do not maintain it and develop it, then we cannot stand among the nations of the world; but if we do not
Constrained by narrow nationalism, treating all foreign races as "foreign species" and "foreign races", ignoring history and reality, and blindly rejecting brothers who have become one with us, then we will not only destroy the Great Wall and fight against brothers, but we will also fight for
In the future, the division of nation-states will create ideological roots, and that will be the most serious consequence.
For such a great idea, the peace treaty proposed by Yunzheng is unprecedented in the entire history of human civilization.
"One, both sides immediately cease fighting
2. The two sides divide the territory of the current actual military control area.
3. Within one month after the armistice, the Northern Xinjiang Governor-General resumed economic assistance to the Daliao Empire
4. Within one month after the armistice, the Northern Xinjiang Governor-General once again opened three major border trade distribution centers to accommodate the increasingly expanding trade activities.
5. Within three months after the armistice, the governor-general of Northern Xinjiang sent special personnel to establish a number of large schools in the territory of the Liao Empire. Confucian classics will be taught free of charge in the schools. In addition, students who pass the daily examinations in the schools will receive
At least three taels and up to one kilogram of grain reward. This reward can be given to Wei copper coins at a discount.
6. After the armistice between the two sides, the Governor-General of the Northern Territory of the Wei Dynasty will clarify the trade quota with the Puppet Jin Kingdom and try to avoid materials that may affect the outcome of the war from entering the territory of the Puppet Jin Kingdom for use in the anti-Liao war.
7. In order to ensure good neighborliness and friendship between the two parties, the Liao Empire will marry Princess Xiao Zhiqiong of Qionghua to Marshal Yun Zheng of Northern Xinjiang. The time of the marriage is to be determined.
8. The Liao State should provide advanced and excellent horse breeds to the good-neighborly and friendly Governor-General of Northern Xinjiang; similarly, the Governor-General of Northern Xinjiang has the obligation to provide advanced armor and weapons to the Liao Empire with priority and at low prices.
9. The annexes to the treaty signed by both parties shall be effective at the same time...
