Xu Yun's expression suddenly became imperceptibly stiff.
Even his breath skipped a beat.
At first, he thought that this Thomson was probably the JJ Thomson who discovered electrons.
Who could have imagined the result?
This person is actually William Thomson, a scientist with the same surname?
In fact, compared to the name William Thomson, another name for this person may be more popular:
Lord Kelvin.
That’s right!
He is the inventor of the thermodynamic temperature scale and the famous father of thermodynamics.
The Kelvin temperature often mentioned in physics textbooks came from this person.
William Thomson was born in Belfast, Ireland, on June 26, 1824. His father, James, was a professor of mathematics at the Royal Academy in Belfast. The family moved to Glasgow, Scotland when Thomson was eight years old.
In fact, in his childhood, William Thomson's performance could only be considered average, nothing particularly amazing.
The result was after arriving in Glasgow.
Thomson suddenly acted like a cheat with a cheat activated, setting a series of extremely outrageous records:
At the age of 10, he entered Glasgow University to study for preparatory courses.
Started studying university-level courses at the age of fourteen.
At the age of fifteen, he won the ALM Gold Medal from the Scottish Society for all universities in the country for an article entitled "The Shape of the Earth".
However, due to the fracture for a year and family circumstances.
Thomson did not enter Cambridge University until he was 16 years old, and chose to study for a 4+1 standard degree. He did not graduate from university until he was 21 years old.
After graduation, Thomson was appointed professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow in 1846, a position he held until his death in 1907.
During this period.
He established the first university physics research laboratory in the UK and was also the first expert to propose popularizing physics experiments to college students.
He also used the laboratory's precision measurements to help plan the laying of the Atlantic submarine cable, which led to a breakthrough in communications between Britain and the Americas.
Wait until 1848.
He created the thermodynamic temperature scale.
1851.
He proposed the second law of thermodynamics:
"It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source and turn it completely into useful work without producing other effects."
This is the recognized standard statement of the second law of thermodynamics. He asserts from the second law of thermodynamics that energy dissipation is a universal trend.
Later, he also predicted the Thomson effect, invented the electromagnetic imaging method, defined absolute temperature, etc.
Later, the British government knighted him in 1866 and was promoted to Lord Kelvin in 1892.
This is where the name Kelvin comes from.
But in the hereafter.
In addition to absolute temperature, the name Kelvin is often associated with the joke about two dark clouds in physics.
Most students must have heard this joke, but there are still some inside stories that need to be pointed out or corrected.
Students who have lived for two hundred years without dying should all know this.
In the 19th century, that is, the hundred years from 1800 to 1900, physics developed extremely rapidly.
At that time, many people believed that the physics building was completely completed and could not be shaken no matter what.
The only task for the descendants is to look up at their predecessors on the ground and shout 666.
under such circumstances.
April 27, 1900.
At the Royal Institution in Albemarle Street, London, Lord Kelvin delivered a lecture titled "Dark Clouds Over the 19th Century Over The Theory of Heat and Photodynamics".
Actually.
Kelvin’s original words at the time were as follows:
"The kinetic theory asserts that heat and light are modes of motion. But now the beauty and clarity of this theory are eclipsed by two dark clouds..."
desoftouchion,isatpre colorntobsuredbytwolouds)
The first dark cloud Kelvin referred to was the Michelson-Morley experiment.
That is the problem of the movement of the earth in the ether.
In people's minds at the time, the ether represented an absolutely static reference system.
The movement of the earth through the ether in space is equivalent to a ship traveling at high speed, with a strong "ether wind" blowing in the face.
So Michelson conducted an experiment in 1881 to measure this relative speed, but the results were not very satisfactory.
So he collaborated with another physicist, Morey, and arranged a second experiment in 1886.
This was also the most sophisticated experiment ever conducted in the history of physics until 1886:
They used the most advanced interferometer. In order to improve the sensitivity and stability of the system, they even made various efforts to obtain a marble slab and placed it on a mercury tank.
This reduces interference factors to a minimum.
However, the experimental results shocked and disappointed them:
The two beams of light show no time difference at all, and the ether seems to have no effect on the light passing through them.
This experiment caused a sensation in the physics community at the time, because the concept of "ether", as a representative of absolute motion, is the basis of classical physics and classical space-time theory.
And this beam that supports the building of classical physics has been ruthlessly denied by the results of an experiment. This is obviously a phenomenon that shakes the foundation.
At the same time in the hereafter.
The Michelson-Morley experiment is also listed as one of the most famous "failed experiments" in the history of physics.
Therefore, in that era, it was understandable that it was called a dark cloud.
As for the "second dark cloud"?
It refers to the inconsistency between blackbody radiation experiments and theory, which is also the most misunderstood point of Kelvin.
The so-called boldface means that the words are as they are meant to be.
It refers to the darkest thing. At that time, because there was no card drawing game, it was not known to the African chiefs. Sorry, I am biased.
In short, a true black body refers to a perfect absorbing body.
That is, it can absorb radiation of any wavelength incident on it, neither reflecting nor transmitting.
we know.
In addition to absorbing and reflecting electromagnetic waves, every object radiates electromagnetic waves.
This radiation is related to the temperature of the object, the type of material and the surface condition, and is called thermal radiation.
The black body is an exception:
The intensity of its radiation is only related to temperature.
Late 19th and early 20th centuries.
When faced with the problem of blackbody radiation, scholars use the Rayleigh-Jeans law of classical physics to calculate the relationship between blackbody radiation intensity and energy.
According to the electrodynamic theory of classical physics at the time, radiation was continuous.
This brings up a serious problem:
When calculating black body radiation, the intensity will increase with the frequency of radiation, tending to release infinite energy, and matter will completely decay due to "unlimited" radiation.
This is obviously a situation that is inconsistent with realistic logic and classical mechanics theory.
This is the second dark cloud.
Also known as ultraviolet catastrophe, also called Rayleigh-Jeans catastrophe.
As for what happened next, everyone knows.
The first dark cloud eventually led to the outbreak of the relativistic revolution.
The second dark cloud finally led to the outbreak of the quantum theory revolution.
Wait until 2022.
The top of physics is already covered with dark clouds (let’s play a little game here. There are currently 25-30 generally recognized dark clouds. If you can name 10, add a chapter. All comments can be added up, that is, everyone’s answers add up.
If there are ten flowers, add another chapter.)
At that conference, Kelvin actually pointed out one thing about the second dark cloud.
That is, there is a huge deviation between the theoretically calculated ratio of the constant-pressure heat capacity and the constant-volume heat capacity of diatomic or polyatomic atoms and the experimental observation value:
"The observable deviation is absolutely sufficient to refute the Boltzmann-Maxwell theory."
"In fact, the deviations of the Boltzmann-Maxwell theory are actually greater than those listed above."
This speech is preserved in the Cambridge University Library, Library 2, under the category '19th century' in 'Phy privates'.
So throughout the speech.
Kelvin's attitude was actually very cautious, and he did not underestimate the two dark clouds at all.
It is a pity that it was spread in various ways in later generations.
Kelvin's words turned into a joke that "the building of physics has been completed, and all that remains is some polishing work." This sentence was not what he said at all.
The source of this sentence is not Kelvin, but Albert Michelson.
That is the Michelson in the first dark cloud "Michelson-Morley Experiment".
In a speech in 1894 he stated:
"... It seems to be said that the grand basic principles of physics have been firmly established and indestructible... The truth of future physical science should be found from six decimal places."
After this sentence was changed by magic, it was applied to Kelvin and became a joke. How sad.
to some extent.
Kelvin or William Thomson should be regarded as one of the typical examples ruined by jokes.
There are actually many similar unlucky people in history. They were obviously good people, but they were distorted into clowns.
For example, Pan Jinlian, Yin Zhiping, Yuan Zhen and Dengtuzi are all like this.
His gaze returned to its original position.
Judging from William Thomson's historical status, he does meet the selection criteria of halo.
After all, he is the father of modern thermodynamics.
Without his appearance, many modern definitions related to temperature would be difficult to unify.
But the problem is
Now that we know William Thomson's name, why doesn't the halo react at all?
To know.
In the previous two copies.
As long as Xu Yun determines the target name of the dungeon, the halo will put the task in front of him through the light screen, adding a bunch of flirty words.
But right now, there was no light curtain in front of Xu Yun, let alone any mission prompts.
Is Halo down?
Or
The core character of this copy is not William Thomson?
With this doubt, Xu Yun looked at William Thomson with his peripheral vision.
Regardless of whether this young man who looks a bit like a youthful version of Saruman is the protagonist of this mission, at least the position of a 'key figure' cannot be escaped.
So what I have to do next is to determine the specific time now.
Then stay with the other party as much as possible, and then find the subsequent truth
It is different from Mavericks’ original 1665 copy.
Over the past two hundred years, the British have made a lot of progress in clothing and public health habits, at least they are not as primitive and curious as they were back then.
William Thomson first returned to the carriage and took out a bunch of potatoes, and then said to Xu Yun and Will:
"Luo Feng, I'm going to wash some potatoes by the river in front. I'll have salty bacon stewed with potatoes tonight."
"You and Will went together to chop the firewood I picked up. The quality of the firewood in this area is very good, so I picked up a little more."
"I'll use part of it tonight, and put the rest in the car to use all the way. After all, it's too humid here."
Seeing this, Xu Yun nodded quickly and replied:
"No problem, Mr. Thomson."
Thomson gave a faint hum and walked towards the river in the distance with the potatoes.
After he leaves.
Will on the side took out two axes from the side of the carriage and handed one to Xu Yun:
"Mr. Luo Feng, can you chop firewood?"
Xu Yun took the axe, held the ax handle with his uninjured right hand and shook it, saying meaningfully:
"Of course I can. This is the method of chopping firewood passed down from Lord Newton's ancestors."
Will: "0v0?"
Xu Yun then followed Will to the firewood and began to chop it.
It's a coincidence.
The wood that William Thomson retrieved was all poplar branches. After all, this plant is dry and brittle, which is very suitable for making firewood.
Looking at this unique dwarf poplar tree in England, Xu Yun suddenly thought of copy 1665.
Mavericks had also split this kind of wood with him before taking him to William's house.
I really miss it
Click
After chopping a piece of firewood.
Xu Yun glanced at William Thomson, who was washing potatoes with his butt stuck out in the distance, and pretended to be casual and said to Will:
"Mr. Will, where are you going this time?"
In order to take care of Xu Yun, a 'disabled person', Will had to do more work. Hearing this, he wiped his sweat and said:
"Go to London."
"London?"
Xu Yun raised his eyebrows in surprise and said curiously:
"Are you going to London too?"
Will nodded, moved a piece of firewood in front of him again, split it into two pieces with a click, and said at the same time:
"The harvest in the countryside has not been good these years, so I plan to go to London to try my luck."
"I heard that the ocean trade has been in short supply of manpower these years. If I can work part-time, it's better than farming."
Will's local flavor was very strong, and Xu Yun naturally believed what this passerby said. Then he changed the topic and suddenly asked:
"What about Mr. Thomson?"
"Mr. Thomson?"
Will shook his head, put down the ax, took a breath, and replied:
"I don't know what he said. I just heard that he seems to be going to London to seek refuge with a very famous old professor."
"My father has known Mr. Thomson's grandfather for many years. The relationship between the two families is very good, so he entrusted me to him."
Only then did Xu Yun nod his head clearly, a flash of enlightenment flashing through his heart.
Will, a young man with a strong local flavor, most likely has nothing to do with his mission. He is probably just a passerby like Zhang San. At most, Mr. Xie is in charge of that crotch.
As for Halo, it is impossible for him to put himself next to Thomson for no reason. After all, this person is not a cabbage.
So it's obvious.
The target of his mission this time should be the big shot that Will said Thomson wanted to defect to.
Therefore, as long as the current age can be determined, this target can be completely screened out.
Think of this.
Xu Yun couldn't help but look at Will and asked:
"Mr. Will, Mr. Thomson can actually get acquainted with a professor in London? He doesn't look young, is he thirty?"
Xu Yun learned this trick from a certain historical novel to make false claims in the East and attack the West in the West. He pretended to be asking about the former, but in fact the focus was on the latter.
as expected.
Will didn't notice anything unusual at all, and answered honestly with thick eyebrows:
"Didn't I say it before? I don't know much about Mr. Thomson's past, but he is definitely not over thirty. My father said he is only twenty-four years old this year."
When Xu Yun heard this, his heart suddenly condensed.
Twenty-four years old?
If I remember correctly.
William Thomson was born in 1826, plus this age
Taking into account issues such as one year old, more broadly speaking, it should be between 1849-1851?
At this time, among the famous old professors in London who were related to William Thomson, Adam Hopkins was undoubtedly the first one to recommend him.
Speaking of Hopkins, most people may think of the joke "according to a report from Hopkins University".
But that Hopkins University was founded by Johns Hopkins and has nothing to do with Adam Hopkins.
Adam Hopkins was a well-known professor at Cambridge University and a famous geologist and mathematician in the 19th century. He led two great men, William Thomson and Stokes.
This person's age should be around 60 years old now, and he undoubtedly fits the description of 'old professor'.
Although his reputation is not particularly prominent in the history of science, the fact that he can bring out William Thomson and Stokes is enough to judge that this person's ability is extraordinary.
Besides, isn't it one of the characteristics of halo to have a low reputation?
So it's obvious.
The target of this mission must be Adam Hopkins!
If not, Luo Feng would eat the ax on the spot!
How do you say that?
The advantage is mine!
Note:
The starting point collapsed, and I thought I couldn't send it out.
－－－－－－Digression－－－－－
Wenchuan's 14th anniversary comes so fast. I wish our motherland is safe and sound!