Chapter 303: Countdown to mission completion (9.6K!)
"..."
In the laboratory.
Looking at Xiaomai who looked like he was asking for help, the corner of Xu Yun's mouth suddenly twitched slightly.
Good guy.
No wonder this guy seemed confident at first, looking like he could handle it.
The co-author treats the laboratory as a happy dictionary and leaves it here to ask for help on the sidelines...
Of course.
Complaints are complaints.
Xu Yun knew when he first designed the experiment in Xiaomai that his design would definitely not achieve the expected results.
the reason is simple.
In Wheat’s design principles, one of the most critical elements is missing:
Converter, or transducer.
Without a converter for signal conversion, it is impossible to achieve a time difference close to one second simply by relying on the principle of a metal chip detector.
The real value of metal shavings is that they can be used as algorithm input, that is, the operation is controlled by the period of the pulse signal - for example, strong current is 1 in the algorithm, weak current is 0, etc...
To achieve time delay, the pulse signal must be converted into ultrasonic waves, and then some small grating components must be added.
Therefore, what is before Xu Yun is actually another question:
Should we take action?
Then he quickly glanced at the scene, and then thought of the world line that had been picked up by Xiaomai and ran away, and couldn't help but sigh:
Well, this doesn’t seem to be a problem anymore…
After all, compared to the invention of the vacuum tube, the converter is not a technical barrier at all - here it refers to the simplest and most primitive converter.
Even if Xu Yun doesn't take action himself.
With the abilities of Wheat and Kirchhoff, it won't take long to overcome this barrier.
If it is long, it will take two to three years. If it is short, it may be just a few months.
In his previous life, Xu Yun knew an old driver named Yanhuo Guangcan. He once said something on the confession chair:
"The most difficult thing about entering the business of a good family is always the first step. Once you get into the sea, it is only a matter of time before you turn from oil push to big meat."
Think of this.
Xu Yun no longer hesitated, turned around and said to Xiaomai:
"Classmate Maxwell, I'm telling you the truth."
"When Ancestor Fatty Fish was bored, he once proposed an idea, that is, can we use technical means to record the real scenes that happened?"
"Later, he did some research on this, but the conditions were limited, so he finally gave up the idea."
"However, although this fantasy failed, the ancestors of Fat Fish also left some results to some extent, so they did not return empty-handed."
"Among them is a relatively simple prop that can convert electrical signals into acoustic signals."
Xiaomai was shocked when he heard this and quickly asked:
"Mr. Luo Feng, is the prop you mentioned complicated? Or what materials need to be prepared?"
Xu Yun meditated for a moment, then his peripheral vision suddenly caught sight of something around him, and his eyes suddenly lit up.
I saw him lifting the vase next to him from the neck, tapping the bottle with his fingers on the other hand a few times, and the bottle made a crisp sound of 'ding-ding':
"that's it."
Babbage next to Mai blinked and asked first:
"ceramics?"
Xu Yun nodded and said with a smile:
"That's right, the name of this component is piezoelectric ceramics."
As we all know.
Strictly speaking, electrical signals only record sound pressure information, but other information such as loudness and frequency can be transformed through sound pressure.
For example, loudness is actually related to sound pressure intensity.
The frequency information is obtained by Fourier transform of the sound pressure.
Timbre is the expression of harmonic structure.
That is, the waveform includes all information such as volume and timbre.
Therefore, if you want to convert sound waves and electrical signals to each other, there are only two common ways:
One is to change the resistance.
The second is to add a transducer to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
In fact, transducer is a very broad term, and in acoustics it mainly refers to electroacoustic transducers.
In a sense.
A transducer is a device that receives electrical (or acoustic) signals and converts them into acoustic (or electrical) signals, so that certain characteristics of the input signal are reflected in the output signal.
Under normal circumstances.
Acoustic transducers can also be divided into two categories:
Magnetostrictive type, and piezoelectric ceramic type.
It was the latter that Xu Yun planned to take action this time.
Piezoelectric Ceramics.
It refers to a functional ceramic material that can convert mechanical energy and electrical energy into each other, using the piezoelectric effect.
The so-called piezoelectric effect means that when certain media are subjected to mechanical pressure, even if the pressure is as small as sound wave vibration, they will produce shape changes such as compression or elongation.
This causes the surface of the medium to be charged, which is also called the positive piezoelectric effect.
On the contrary, when an excitation electric field is applied, the medium will undergo mechanical deformation, which is the inverse piezoelectric effect.
This effect was first discovered in 1880 by the Curie brothers, Madame Curie's husband.
Based on this principle.
After being processed by certain means, piezoelectric ceramics can perfectly convert sound waves and electrical signals, and are a very common small component.
Piezoelectric ceramics can be seen in later mobile phone earphones, buzzers, ultrasonic detectors and even lighters.
Domestic companies such as Fenghua Hi-Tech, China Ceramics Materials, and Chaozhou Sanhuan are also considered leaders with relatively high reserves of relevant technologies.
And from a design principle point of view.
The theoretical basis required for piezoelectric ceramics is actually similar to that of microphones. One is Fourier transform and the other is the electromagnetic induction theorem.
This is also the reason why Xu Yun chose to take it out - the industrial level of this timeline is now infinitely close to 1900, and the above two theories have been proposed for some time.
Even if I don't do anything, it's really just a matter of time before piezoelectric ceramics are invented.
In a sense it can be said:
After the discovery of X-rays in wheat, this was the inevitable outcome.
Think of this.
Xu Yun couldn't help but take a deep breath, picked up paper and pen, and drew a schematic diagram on the picture.
The component diagram of piezoelectric ceramics is very simple. There is a coin-sized ceramic piece inside and outside, plus an electrode and diaphragm attached to one side - buy a New Year's card with a buzzer and you can see the real thing directly.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! So in just two days, Xu Yun put down his pen and said to everyone:
"alright."
Xiaomai quickly picked up Xu Yun's diagram and looked at it with Babbage, then handed it to Faraday and Gauss.
Faraday took the paper, shook it, and analyzed it while reading:
"With the addition of AC signal drive, the piezoelectric ceramic piece expands and contracts, causing the entire body to undergo bending vibration... and the electrical signal can be converted into sound waves..."
"The diaphragm at the other end cuts the magnetic field lines in the magnetic field, thereby generating current and restoring the signal to electricity. The time-consuming conversion can produce a time difference. It's wonderful..."
But as he watched, Faraday suddenly realized something.
He frowned, turned to Xu Yun and said:
"Wait a moment, classmate Luo Feng, I have a question."
Xu Yun blinked and said:
"Professor Faraday, if you have any questions, just ask them. If I can't answer them, I'll burn incense and ask the Fat Fish ancestors..."
Faraday nodded, turned his attention to the vase, pointed at it and said:
"Classmate Luo Feng, you see, ceramic is an insulator and cannot be powered internally. Even some large-scale power supply facilities today use ceramics as partition materials."
Romance
"In this case, how can we let the current pass through the ceramic to cause it to vibrate and deform?"
As the discoverer of semiconductors, Faraday's sensitivity to the conductivity of objects has reached an almost instinctive level.
Therefore, while analyzing Xu Yun's thoughts, he quickly realized a problem:
Ceramics are non-conductive.
Since it is not conductive, how can we achieve the expansion and contraction effect of ceramic tiles?
Is it Fatty's mistake?
Or......
Is there something else going on in it?
Looking at Faraday with an inquiring look on his face, Xu Yun pondered for a moment and suddenly said:
"Professor Faraday, I remember you said before when we were talking about negatives that you were willing to trade Professor Gauss's manuscript for fast exposure technology."
"Although the question you are asking now has nothing to do with the film, it also involves some currently unknown areas, so you see..."
Faraday was stunned for a moment, then regained his composure and waved his hand with great pride:
"This is simple, three volumes of manuscripts to exchange for your skills!"
Xu Yun's heart skipped a beat, but he still pretended to be reluctant:
"Professor Faraday, why are there only three volumes?"
"The three volumes are still my own, so just be content."
"...How about seven volumes?"
"Impossible, four volumes!"
"Six volumes?"
"One price, five volumes!"
"make a deal!"
"make a deal!"
Looking at the old man and the young man who had successfully negotiated the deal, Gauss on the side rubbed his eyes in confusion.
This man, who is firmly among the top three in the history of mathematics, has a rare look of doubt in his eyes:
Wait, it seems that these two guys are discussing my manuscript...
But why did I, the client, become an outsider?
And the other side.
After getting Faraday's promise, Xu Yun stopped hiding it and said simply:
"Professor Faraday, according to the research of Fat Fish Ancestor, under normal circumstances, ceramics cannot stretch or shrink when electricity is applied."
"But if processed through certain technical means, it can be used for this characteristic."
"The ancestors of Fat Fish called this process..."
"polarization!"
At present, Faraday and others have measured the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the concept of charge has been around for hundreds of years.
So Xu Yun directly picked up the drawing and explained the principle:
"Professor Faraday, you should know that theoretically, the charge distribution inside ceramics should be chaotic and irregular, right?"
Faraday nodded:
"That's right."
Xu Yun continued:
"To make ceramics stretch or shrink, we have to ensure that there is a pattern within it."
"That is, the electrode in the equilibrium state has a balanced electrode potential, and the electrode in the unbalanced state also has an electrode potential."
"The effect that can ensure that the two have a constant value for a long time is polarization. This method requires very high voltage and other means..."
Faraday took some time to think this time before continuing to nod:
"I see...I probably understand."
"It's like the charge has reached the electrode, but the material that received the charge has not had time to get it, so the charge accumulates and the electrode deviates from the equilibrium potential."
"When an electrode reaction occurs, the phenomenon that the electrode potential deviates from the equilibrium electrode potential is polarization. Student Luo Feng, am I right?"
Xu Yun was slightly startled.
The next second.
A numbing sensation rose from the tailbone and went straight to the scalp.
grass!
In 1850, there were literally wall hangings everywhere...
I just explained a few words from the surface, but Faraday saw the essence at a glance. Can you believe this?
polarization.
Even in later generations, this concept is a very complicated concept to explain.
It involves a lot of areas such as overpotential, exchange current density, hyperbolic sine function type, etc. (Recommend "Electrode Process Kinetics" by Academician Cha Quanxing and "Electrochemistry Principles" by Li Di of Beihang University)
Going deeper, it will also involve instantaneous electric field vectors, time-varying fields and Jones vectors...that is, fully polarized waves, etc.
As for the polarization of piezoelectric ceramics, it is related to the grains inside the ceramics.
These grains are ferroelectric, but the orientation of their spontaneously polarized electric domains is completely random, and they do not have polarization intensity macroscopically.
However, under the action of a high-voltage DC electric field, the electric domains will be aligned along the direction of the electric field.
Moreover, after the electric field is removed, most of this orientation state can be retained, causing the ceramic to exhibit a piezoelectric effect.
Xu Yun can currently only explain the category of 'charge', and even the level of 'electron' cannot go too deep.
But even so.
Faraday also saw the most extreme truth in this range at a glance.
It's really terrible...
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! But considering his contribution, this seems quite normal - this man single-handedly opened the door to the second industrial revolution
The man of God is coming.
If you insist on making a ranking.
The lineup of the scientific community in 1850 can firmly rank among the top four in both the history of physics and mathematics. If Wheat and Kirchhoff and Riemann had been born ten years earlier, the lineup of 1850 would have even had a chance to hit the scene.
The second throne.
Thinking of this, Xu Yun felt relieved.
Then he picked up the pen again and began to write the polarization process:
"Use a mill to ball mill in anhydrous ethanol medium for twelve hours, dry the wet material at a certain temperature, then place it in a covered steel jade crucible, and pre-sinter at 700-900°C for two hours...
.”
"After taking it out, conduct a second ball mill under the same conditions for 30 minutes, dry the wet material at a certain temperature to obtain pre-sintered powder, and add 5% mass fraction of perovskite to the pre-sintered powder for granulation.
.....”
"Grind and polish the ceramic disc, clean it, dry it, apply silver paste on both sides, and sinter the silver electrode at a certain temperature..."
"After being silvered, apply a voltage of 3000 V?mm-1 in silicone oil at 120°C, polarize it for 30 minutes, and then test its electrical properties after leaving it at room temperature for one day..."
As a student of condensed matter physics, Xu Yun’s mastery of piezoelectric ceramic preparation methods can be said to be ingrained in his bones.
For example, the drying temperature is 70 degrees, the silver electrode burning temperature is 850 degrees, etc. He knows these data by heart.
However, for the sake of keeping a low profile, he did not write down the specific data clearly this time - after all, this is the result of the "fat fish".
Anyway, Cambridge University scholars have great achievements.
If it doesn't work, just slowly experiment and explore, and try exhaustively, you can always determine the most suitable experimental temperature.
After the piezoelectric ceramics link is successfully broken through, the core difficulties in the equipment of the analytical machine can basically be cleared.
The rest is the coding issue that Ada is responsible for.
In other words.
Xu Yun is getting closer and closer to the day when he completes his mission...
Fifteen minutes later.
Xu Yun handed the written recipe to Kirchhoff.
The German immediately left the laboratory and went to prepare the preparation of piezoelectric ceramics as Faraday's assistant.
After Kirchhoff left, Faraday picked up his tea cup and took a sip of water, planning to call it a night.
But just as he was about to speak, he suddenly paused.
Seeing this, Xu Yun couldn't help but look at Xiaomai and Riemann, and asked aloud:
"What's wrong with you, Professor Faraday?"
Faraday nodded slightly and replied:
"It's not a big problem, I just suddenly remembered a little thing."
Everyone quickly acted like they were all ears.
I saw Faraday looking around the laboratory, his eyes finally fell on the vacuum tube equipment, and said:
"Everyone has only been doing experiments today, but they have probably forgotten one thing - whether it is the particles whose charge-to-mass ratio was calculated before, or this mysterious ray, we haven't given them names yet."
Everyone was stunned for a moment when they heard this, and then one after another they suddenly realized.
Yes.
In addition to the derivative improvements of vacuum tubes just applied to computers.
Faraday and his colleagues conducted three experiments today, both actively and passively. Among them, only cathode rays were named at the beginning.
The remaining particles in the cathode rays that are smaller than hydrogen atoms and the mysterious rays that can illuminate fish bones have not been named yet.
Mentioned earlier.
The smallest known particles are atoms.
This name has become a popular concept with the introduction of Dalton's atomic theory.
The mass of the charged particles newly discovered by Faraday and others is only one thousandth of that of an atom, which is 10 to the negative third power.
To describe it in terms of magnitude, there is a difference of three levels. It is obvious that the name atom is no longer suitable for charged particles.
As a person from later generations, Xu Yun naturally knows that this particle is called an electron, and it is one of the smallest particles in 2022.
But the problem is...
The person who named the electron is JJ Thomson. Today, let alone the fertilized egg, even his father is still a single man.
The same goes for X-rays.
Although Röntgen is now better than JJ Thomson, he is still just a little kid wearing crotchless pants, no more than five years old.
in this case.
Be it Roentgen or JJ Thomson, it is impossible for them to influence the naming of X-rays and electrons.
Can Faraday and Gauss Weber really think of the same names as in history?
Then Faraday thought for a while, turned to Gauss and said:
"Friedrich, do you have any thoughts about that mysterious ray?"
"me?"
Gauss blinked, pondered for a moment, and said slowly:
"Michael, what do you think about calling it Nebuster Ray?"
Xu Yun: "?!"
But before Xu Yun could speak, Faraday shook his head:
"No, no, the name is too hard to remember. How about calling it Zaperion Ray?"
"Not very good, I think Nebast sounds the best!"
"Kuai Hu, it's obvious that Zaipei Liao is higher, but he is very powerful when he hears it!"
Xu Yun continued: "..."
Fortunately, at this time, the relatively reliable Weber spoke:
"Michael, Friedrich, this light was discovered by Maxwell, what do I think about giving him the right to name it?"
Hear what Weber said.
Faraday and Gauss, who were still arguing, couldn't help but stopped, looked at each other, and then nodded in unison:
"Okay, just leave it to Maxwell."
After speaking, Faraday looked at Wheat and said to the young Scottish man:
"Maxwell, it's up to you to choose a name."
Xiaomai was still eating a melon nearby, but suddenly he found that the melon in his hand suddenly hit his face, and he couldn't help but feel a little shocked.
But soon.
His mentality adjusted. After all, this was a very meaningful and glorious thing.
He pondered for a moment and said slowly:
"Professors, all the manifestations of this light discovered today have impacted our inherent concepts. It is full of hallucinations and unknowns inside and outside, like a vague unknown."
"Unknown numbers in mathematics are often represented by X."
"So... I feel like 'X-Ray' might be a good name."
"X-rays?"
Faraday repeated the term in his mouth, and his eyes gradually lit up.
In the long history of human civilization, various ethnic groups and regions have different names for "unknown numbers".
For example, China calls unknown numbers Yuan, and this is what Tian Yuan and Di Yuan refer to.
In Egypt, it’s called ‘Miao Wu’, which sounds like a cat meowing...
The expression of unknown numbers in Europe was different. From BC to the 17th century, it was quite messy, and each had its own name.
For example, Diophantus in ancient Greece used Ξ, Π, and ξ to represent unknown numbers, Bote used A, B, and C, and Veda used A, E, and I.
This chaos lasted until 1637.
Descartes used X, Y, Z to represent positive unknowns for the first time in "Geometry", and it continues to this day.
Among the three unknown numbers XYZ, X ranks first, representing the beginning.
This seems to be a good choice to represent unknown rays.
Concise and easy to remember, yet meaningful at the same time.
Faraday, Gauss, and Weber looked at each other, and without even having to discuss it out loud, the three of them nodded at the same time.
Ever since.
X-ray.
This name, which is the same as the local history, also appeared during this time.
After giving the X-ray a name.
Faraday looked at Xu Yun again and asked with a sincere smile:
"Classmate Luo Feng, next we should name the particle - has Mr. Fat Fish named it?"
Xu Yun was silent for a moment and shook his head:
"No."
Faraday thought for a while and asked again:
"So in Eastern culture, are there any words to describe extremely small substances?"
Seeing that Faraday's two words revolved around Feiyu and Dongfang, and then looking at the smile and carefreeness on the other person's face, Xu Yun couldn't help but feel a flash of realization in his heart.
In fact, he was still wondering just now:
X-rays were clearly discovered after electrons, so why were they named first?
At first he thought it was a random choice made by Faraday, but look now...
The original reason is here:
They don't want to take credit for themselves.
Compared with charged particles, the discovery of X-rays is undoubtedly a highly coincidental one.
In addition, 'Fat Fish' lived in an era when film had not yet appeared, so it was impossible for Fat Fish to grasp the characteristics of X-rays.
Therefore, Faraday calmly shared the naming rights internally - the entire process was completed by the collaboration of several of them, without relying on any external force.
But electrons are different.
Whether it is a vacuum tube or other experimental ideas, they are all plans designed by 'Fat Fish' before his death.
Faraday and others can at best verify Feiyu's conjecture, but they cannot be regarded as the first discoverers.
In addition, the characters of these big guys are among the best in history:
Faraday never discredited others and used half of his income to help the poor.
Gauss has a relatively cold personality and is not good at speaking.
But when it comes to his disciples or other mathematicians who are studying, he basically always returns his trust, and even takes the initiative to bear the tuition fees of many students who are not disciples but have potential.
Not to mention Weber.
The Seven Gentlemen of Göttingen, who were willing to risk their lives for the sake of justice, and Newman derived Faraday's law, named it after Faraday in tribute, and donated all their money to the University of Leipzig after their death.
In terms of character, the Mavericks of both armies are not enough for them.
Therefore, they did not intend to take credit for themselves, but thought of linking electrons...or unknown particles to fat fish, in order to pay tribute to this sage.
Honest person.JPG.
However, although Faraday showed good intentions in this regard, Xu Yun had no intention of taking the naming rights of electrons as his own.
Because electrons are different from Yang Hui triangle and the like.
In the original history, its discovery process had little to do with the Chinese sages.
The Yang Hui Triangle has clear documentary records and unearthed cultural relics in Chinese history, and is a full 393 years earlier than Pascal - this number does not include Jia Xian's achievements.
If Lao Jia had actual books unearthed, this date could be advanced by six hundred years.
So for Xu Yun during the Mavericks copy.
He took back what belonged to his ancestors, and he did it calmly, and he didn't feel sorry for Pascal at all.
But electrons are different.
Ancient Chinese people did not have a deep understanding of particles, and most of them were limited to philosophical categories.
Although some people think from a physical perspective, they have achieved almost no substantive results due to limitations in technological level.
Electrons belong to the content that only modern physics systems can come into contact with, and they belong to other people's wealth.
The ancients said.
Gentlemen love fortune, in a proper way.
If China's buffs are included in everything, wouldn't we be no different from sticks?
Think of this.
Xu Yun couldn't help but straighten his expression and said to Faraday:
"Mr. Faraday, the smallest thing in the East is ordinary. It is as thin as the tip of a needle and cannot be seen by anyone except a prisoner."
"No matter how small it is, it is still different from particles like this."
Then he paused, and when he was about to refuse, another idea suddenly came to his mind, and he said again:
"By the way, Professor Faraday, I remember that in order to commemorate your contribution, the scientific community defined a physical quantity after your name?"
Faraday nodded slightly. Although he didn't know why Xu Yun mentioned this, there was still a hint of pride on his face:
"Yes, it is the standard unit of capacitance - although it has not been officially defined yet, Europe has basically used this unit by default."
"Nowadays, there are more and more physics units in electricity. Maybe in a few years, an international electrical conference will be held to completely define some units."
Xu Yun nodded accordingly.
The unit of capacitance is the same as the coulomb ampere. The occasion when it was truly globally defined was the Global International Electrical Congress in 1881.
But the conference was just to give the final seal to those seven units. Before that, they had been circulating in Europe for dozens or even hundreds of years.
Then Xu Yun smiled slightly and said:
"Professor Faraday, what a coincidence."
"Look, this unknown particle is negatively charged and will be absorbed by the capacitor, and the standard unit of capacitance is the potential energy difference generated by the number of coulombs of charge."
"In this case, I suggest that it be named after the farad, the unit of capacitance, that is..."
"Falagrain!"
...
Note:
I slept for fifteen hours yesterday, but every time I woke up every four or five hours, and fell sleepy again after a while. This happened over and over again, which was horribly inefficient.
Does anyone have a way to quickly adjust the biological clock? I'm going crazy.
I’ll be updating nearly 10,000 words today, please give me a monthly ticket...