"God, please show me your grace and tell me this isn't true..."
"You are one by one..."
Next to the Michelson interferometer.
Looking at the chaotic scene in front of him, Xu Yun suddenly felt a subtle sense of déjà vu in his heart:
At this moment.
The image board next to him seemed like an inscription with the word "Dian" engraved on it, with the word "Ether" written on it, and the year of his birth and death engraved in the lower left corner:
43 BC—181.11.
As for this authority or aristocrat from various industries who stood beside the imaging board and trembled all over, even collapsed on the ground and howled...
They are the mourners who mourn in front of the laying ceremony.
Huh?
This seems to match Aveline’s previous clothes...
And just when Xu Yun was sighing.
Specifically, he has two positions.
An old man with gray hair who was looking at the imaging board in confusion suddenly stood up from the ground.
He quickly came to Xu Yun's side, grabbed Xu Yun's collar with both hands, and shouted to him desperately:
"It's you, it must be you! You must have done something to this equipment, right?!"
Looking at this old man with a strong Apennine accent, Xu Yun let him grab his collar and did not take any countermeasures.
First of all, the other party is already quite old, so taking action easily may hurt the other party.
Secondly, his name is...
Amodio Avogadro.
That's right.
It's the Avogadro of Avogadro's constant.
This is an ancestor with a very high status in the history of science. At the same time, he has not put pressure on Aveline.
From a mathematical point of view, the supporter and pressure of the ether theory is actually the relationship between sets and subsets.
9% of the latter belong to the former, but the former is not necessarily the latter.
Avogadro's appearance here was not because he wanted to put pressure on Aveline, but because Xu Yun had assisted Faraday in calculating the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, which was a discovery that was worthy of his fate.
So.
Dragging his somewhat dying body, this big-time molecular tycoon happily traveled thousands of miles to Cambridge University to join in the fun.
Who would have thought of the result?
This unlucky guy is just like the aunt in some news in later generations.
It turned out that I heard about the fire on my way to get off work and came to join in the fun, but found out that the fire was in my own house...
In fact, there are many people similar to Avogadro on the scene.
For example, it was mentioned earlier.
Wheat, Lao Tang, they are all supporters of the ether theory. In the original timeline, Lao Tang tried to save the ether theory on many important occasions.
to some extent.
The foundation of the ether theory even exceeds that of later generations of relativity:
Because ether is just an easy-to-understand model, somewhat similar to dark matter in later generations, and does not involve too much calculation or professional knowledge.
And to truly understand and learn the theory of relativity... you need a very high mathematical foundation.
So it's not unusual for someone like Avogadro to be on the scene.
His eyes returned to reality.
Avogadro just grabbed Xu Yun's collar tightly, his eyes seemed fierce, but Xu Yun saw despair and even...
A hint of begging.
He seemed to be hoping that Xu Yun would relent and admit that he had indeed tampered with the interferometer.
Nai He's only response to him was Xu Yun's sigh:
"Sorry, Mr. Avogadro, I did not make any changes to the interferometer."
"You should have answered this..."
Avogadro mumbled a few words when he heard this, and suddenly his whole body relaxed, and he feebly let go of the hand holding Xu Yun's collar.
The aura he had previously disguised, like a furious lion, disappeared in an instant.
Later generations all know that Avogadro was a master of chemistry, but few people know that Avogadro was also extremely accomplished in physics.
Avogadro was appointed professor of physics at the Royal Academy of Vercelli in 1809, and in 180 he became professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Turin.
He didn't officially retire until last year.
So long before you say anything…
He actually guessed Xu Yun's answer.
It's just that deep down in his heart he never dared or didn't want to believe it.
At this moment.
Standing in front of Xu Yun was a decadent little old man with messy hair.
Looking at the depressed Avogadro, he looked at the other frustrated elders not far away.
Xu Yun sighed again.
This is the cruelty of scientific history.
Every major change in the history of human science will basically overthrow the previous building and then rebuild on the ruins...
The seemingly glamorous physics building of later generations has many desolate and desperate stories buried beneath the ground.
While Xu Yun and Avogadro were silent, another middle-aged man in his early thirties walked towards them.
This person's figure is a bit bloated, and the sides of his cheeks are slightly bulging.
Combined with his short hair, he looks quite square.
However, what was in stark contrast to the visitor's square appearance was his hostile words as soon as he opened his mouth:
"Nang Xipi, Luo Feng, right? I have discovered the flaws in your experiment!"
Looking at the sworn man in front of him, Xu Yun couldn't help but curl up the corner of his mouth and started laughing.
Earlier when welcoming the guests, Xu Yun and Aveline had stayed under the tree, listening to the rich woman reciting every "crime" of putting pressure on me or the boy.
There were so many visitors that Xu Yun actually only remembered a few.
The face of the man in front of him was quite outstanding, somewhat similar to the square-faced monkey of later generations, and he was highly recognizable.
Therefore, when Aveline introduced many guests, Xu Yun also wrote down the identities of the guests.
This man's name is Georgia Terry, he is British and he is a standard pressure boy.
According to Aveline's random thoughts.
This guy writes an article criticizing Aveline's personal life almost every Saturday, just like later generations who play games and schedule copies for the next weekend...
At the same time.
What makes this person different from Doppler and Clausius is that.
Although Doppler and others are under pressure, their own abilities are still not low.
One discovered the Doppler effect and was the first professor of physics at the University of Vienna.
The other is one of the founders of thermodynamics and proposed the concept of entropy.
Although their status is far inferior to that of the Mavericks, they can still be regarded as leaving their mark in history.
But Georgia Terry...
He is just a newspaper editor and has never even gone to college.
He simply relied on his status as an editor to become a member of the dungeon team, and used Aveline crazily to gain achievements.
According to the personality of this person introduced by Aveline, he shouldn’t be chatting with me, right?
as expected.
After arriving in front of Xu Yun.
Georgia Terry raised the calculation paper with a wooden board in his hand and said to Xu Yun with an exaggerated expression:
"Luo Feng, I have found the loophole in your experiment, you despicable villain!"
Then he quickly came to the light arm of the interferometer, raised his hands high, clapped his palms in the air several times, and shouted to the people around him:
"All gentlemen present, please turn your attention to me. I have an announcement to make!"
"I, Georgia Terry, have discovered the loophole in Luo Feng's experiment!"
"The ether still exists, and the advantage is still mine!"
Georgia Terry's words were particularly clear in the somewhat dead silence of the scene, and spread throughout the open space in an instant.
Hear this.
Including the dejected Avogadro.
A trace of hope once again appeared on the faces of many old men who had originally looked desperate, and bursts of discussion gradually sounded:
"God...has a savior appeared?"
"Really? Someone found a loophole in the experiment?"
"With so many experts on site failing to discover the errors and omissions, can he really do that?"
"What's his name?"
"I can't come..."
Seeing the eyes focused on her, Georgia Terry couldn't help but proudly puffed up her chest.
After everyone gathered, he pointed at the light arm of the interferometer and said:
"As you can see, if we draw a circle with any point o as the circle point, and the arm lengths om1 and om are perpendicular to each other and of the same length with high precision, what kind of figure will appear?"
"The answer is an isosceles right triangle."
"Because the earth is moving, when the light moves from o to m, the mirror m of the interferometer has already moved to the return path point a, and then reflects from a to path point b, and the light finally runs towards the receiver r."
"So, the actual distance traveled by light with arm length om is exactly the two waists of the isosceles triangle oab."
"But what if the light is interfered with by the ether during this process?"
"Don't forget, since light can form interference fringes on the imaging plate, it means that it exhibits wave properties in this experiment."
"It can be calculated from the plane light path that if the light is interfered, the two light arms cannot actually be vertical."
"In this case, although the length of the optical arm remains unchanged, the actual optical path difference will be shortened."
Having said this.
Georgia Terry pointed at Xu Yun and snorted coldly:
"So Luo Feng, there is a huge flaw in your experiment, that is, you ignored the effect of the ether on the waves, which affected the optical path difference!"
After speaking, Georgia Terry thought of something else and sneered:
"Unless...you can prove that the light exhibits a particle state during the operation of the light arm, and then changes into a wave state on the imaging plate...Ha!"
After saying this, Georgia Terry seemed to be possessed by Prime Minister Cao and laughed to himself.
Looking at Georgia Terry who was looking happy with herself next to him, Xu Yun's expression was a bit...
subtle.
how to say.......
Does this mean someone handed you a condom when you were trying to sleep?
Georgia Terry’s analysis is actually very simple to explain:
Light has two properties: wave and particle. The interference fringes that appear in the final step of the imaging plate represent the wave nature it exhibits in the experiment.
Reading Network
The transmission of waves requires a medium, so who can guarantee that it is not the medium of ether that interferes with the waves?
If the ether interferes with the wave, then the vertical and plane light paths will be affected. The angle between the light arms seems to be 90°, but in fact it may only be 89°.
This tiny error cannot be measured with current science and technology, but it does lead to errors in calculations of the speed of light.
This is a logical closed loop, similar to...
Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
But...
Just like the egg problem, the creation plug-in can be used to explain it religiously.
There is also a theoretical way to solve this problem of Georgia Terry:
Just use mathematics to deny the computational problem first, and then prove that light can exhibit both particle and wave properties in one experiment.
That is to say, light is a particle when it runs on the light arm and will not encounter the influence of ether.
And when it passes through the spectroscope and hits the imaging plate, it turns into a wave...
But in Georgia Terry's view, this situation would never happen, not even if the calf was resurrected.
Therefore, it is destined to be a problem that Xu Yun has no solution to.
Think of this.
Xu Yun's eyes when he looked at Georgia Terry suddenly contained...
Gratitude and relief.
be honest.
Originally, if the current situation of the elders crying and mourning continued, he really didn't know how to successfully start the third experiment...
Everyone is crying and desperate. How many people will be willing to follow him to the third open space?
If the experiment in the third open space cannot be started, then tonight's drama will lack a finale.
True savior.
Of course.
Before that, it is necessary to reject Georgia Terry's statement from a mathematical point of view.
So Xu Yun thought for a while, turned around and said to Xiaomai, who was supposed to be helping Gauss at this time, but was forced to have a shadow clone because of a stupid author's mistake, and was responsible for calibrating the interferometer:
"Classmate Maxwell, please bring me a blackboard and ask Mr. Thomson to turn on the light."
Wheat nodded when he heard this:
"clear."
A few minutes later.
Xiaomai dragged a blackboard back to Xu Yun.
A group of people had already gathered around Xu Yun and Georgia Terry, including Avogadro, Doppler and others.
After the blackboard is properly placed.
Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry, picked up a pen, and wrote a few words on the blackboard:
Light source, imaging plate, mirror m1, mirror m.
Then he drew a horizontal line under these words and said to those around him:
"Gentlemen, as you can see, these four words are the key devices in our experiment."
"As for the spectroscope, it is not included because it does not involve mathematical calculations. This should be no problem, right?"
Everyone nodded, including Georgia Terry.
This is the most intuitive information that no one can deny.
Then Xu Yun paused and said:
"As for what we call the light arm, it is actually the whole composed of the light source, the mirror and the connection between the two."
“At any time, the length of the light arm is constant—or in other words, at any time, the distance between the light source and the mirror is a constant value.”
"That's no problem at all, right?"
His answer was still a voice of approval.
Having said this.
Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry playfully, and couldn't help but raise the corners of his mouth slightly:
"As for Mr. Georgia Terry's so-called loophole, it can actually be divided into two parts: the vertical light path and the horizontal light path."
"Although most of his ideas are discussing the vertical light path, we still need to discuss the mistakes he made when analyzing the horizontal light path, Maxwell!"
Xiaomai on the side was shocked when he heard this:
"Here you are, Mr. Luo Feng."
Xu Yun snapped his fingers and threw the chalk at him:
"Wheat, give this gentleman a whole life and tell him where he went wrong."
Hearing this, Xiaomai nodded, took the chalk, and looked at Georgia Terry again.
After thinking for about half a minute, he wrote two expressions on the blackboard:
om1 m1o.
om1 vt1 om1-v(t11-t1)=om1 v(t1-t11)
Then put a cross after the first expression.
Put a √ after the second expression.
Look at the two formulas on the blackboard.
A mathematics professor among the crowd of onlookers suddenly took a deep breath:
"hiss......."
Wheat didn't write much, but after all, there were many real math and science experts on the scene, and his understanding ability was quite impressive.
After just a little analysis, they immediately understood Wheat's idea.
Anyone who has studied high school physics should know this.
The motion trajectory of an object is different in different reference systems.
For example, suppose you are riding a train, and your trajectory relative to the train is a stationary point.
But your trajectory relative to the ground reference system is a straight line.
The same principle applies to light paths.
The core of the ether hypothesis is that it establishes that the speed of light relative to the ether is constant.
So if you want to compare the time difference between two beams of light from the light source to the mirror and back to the light source, it is more convenient to choose the ether as the reference system.
That's the way Wheat thinks.
When t=0.
Light starts from point o of the light source.
When t=t1.
Light reaches the mirror.
At this time, since the entire experimental equipment has moved a certain distance to the right relative to the ether, the position of the mirror changes from point m1 to a distance vt1 on the right.
So the length of this optical path is:
om1 vt1.
When light returns to the light source.
Assume that the light returns to the light source at t=t11. At this time, the light source has moved for t11 seconds.
Therefore, the position of the light source is a distance vt11 to the right of the original point o.
The optical path of this section is:
om1 vt1-vt11=om1-v(t11-t1).
Comprehensive two sections of light path.
In the ether reference system, the total optical path length of horizontal light should be:
om1 vt1 om1-v(t11-t1)=om1 v(t1-t11). (The calculation should be correct. If there are any mistakes, I hope you can correct me.)
What Georgia Terry wrote was om1 m1o, which is obviously wrong.
Then Wheat shrugged, pointed at the formula and said:
"In fact, it is easy to see from this formula that t1 will be significantly larger than t11, because the outgoing journey of light is longer than the return journey."
"When light travels from the light source to Mirror 1, it is 'chasing' the mirror."
"When returning to the light source from the mirror, the light source moves against the light."
"So, the time it takes for light to travel from the light source to the mirror is longer than the time it takes for the light to travel from the mirror back to the light source."
"Therefore, Mr. Terry's analysis is wrong based solely on the reasoning of the horizontal light path."
Georgia Terry opened her mouth, with a hint of panic in her eyes:
"I......."
However, Xu Yun did not give him a chance to explain. Instead, he took Mai's words and cut him again:
"Mr. Terry, the direction of movement of the light source, mirror, and imaging plate is east...or right - because they move relative to the ether."
"In other words, the direction of movement of the light source and mirror 1 is along the straight line between point o and point m1."
"The direction of movement of mirror two is along the straight line between point m and point a."
"In the ether reference system, since the light is aimed at point a when it sets off, when mirror two translates from the position of point m to point a, the light just reaches point a."
"It is then reflected back to point b by the mirror. In this way...there is actually no problem with the optical path difference."
"So Mr. Terry, the loophole you are talking about does not exist at all from a mathematical point of view!"
This time.
Many people also nodded subconsciously.
What Xu Yun said is very simple and easy to understand.
For example, the car that the reader drives has a left wheel and a right wheel. The distance between the left wheel and the right wheel is the width of your car.
That is, the length of the transmission rod connecting the left wheel and the right wheel is fixed at any time, even if the car is moving.
But in the ground reference system.
During motion, the current position of the left wheel and the position of the right wheel two seconds later, the distance between these two spatial positions is not equal to the distance between your left wheel and your right wheel.
Assume this moment.
There is a little mouse running from the left wheel of the car along the transmission rod to the right wheel of the car. The trajectory of the little mouse relative to the ground is a diagonal line.
The length of this trajectory is not equal to the length of the transmission rod.
This is the optical path difference caused by the reference system.
So in mathematics.
The Michelson-Morley experiment has taken the optical path difference into consideration.
Of course.
Some students may ask:
The speed of light is much faster than that of a car, so is there really no error in this optical path difference?
The answer is actually no.
But this value is so small that it can be ignored even in the calculation of the speed of light.
This is a phenomenon supported by actual data and comes from gravitational waves.
Mentioned earlier.
The gravitational wave detector Ligo is, to put it bluntly, a large Michelson-Morley device.
Each set of ligo detectors has two mutually perpendicular long arms. Using lasers, ligo can measure the length of the two mutually perpendicular long arms.
The long arms of ligo are actually long tubes with a high vacuum, and mirrors with a diameter of 34 cm are suspended from two sections of each long arm.
The ligo detector uses laser interference to continuously measure the distance between each pair of mirrors with extremely high accuracy.
At present, a total of two Ligo detectors have been built, located in Washington State and Louisiana across the sea. The two places are 3,000 kilometers apart.
Gravitational waves propagate at the speed of light, so if a detectable gravitational wave sweeps across the Earth, there will be a time difference of 10 milliseconds in the time when the two Ligo detectors detect the signal.
At the same time, there are two very similar gravitational wave detectors called virgo in Europe, and multiple detectors work together.
The first time humans discovered gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes was at 17:01 Yanjing time on September 14, 2001, and was announced on January 11, 2016.
The first discovery of gravitational waves from the merger of two neutron stars was on October 16, 2017.
At that time, scientists from many countries, including China, held simultaneous press conferences.
Then several more phenomena were observed, and the recorded event names were all gw 6-digit numbers.
In the gw1901 incident, ligo detected the optical path difference for the first time:
The signal source is about five gigaparsecs from the earth - one gigaparsec is equivalent to about 360 million light years, and the optical path difference is about 7.3% of the size of an atom. (d/10.3847/041-813/aba493)
Incidentally.
Gravitational waves were discovered in 2001 and announced in January 2016.
Then as of gw in September 2017, a total of 4 events were observed.
That is, it is discovered once every four months on average.
But you can take a guess, from September 2017 to November 7, 2001, how many times have gravitational wave events been discovered?
The answer is...
ligo8 times.
90 8, which adds up to 118 times.
That is, on average, once every half a month. (lig/dete/official website, you can see it by adding three w’s in front of it. Currently, it has only been released to o3b in November last year)
Again.
Sometimes the level of technological development really exceeds your expectations.
alright.
The topic returns to its original place.
be honest.
This question of Georgia Terry is actually quite representative in later generations, and it is one of the powerful 'theories' of Minke to refute Michelson-Morley's experiment.
It's a pity that these people can't even analyze the horizontal light path but they still talk so loudly, which is quite funny.
If some dark clouds really found bugs by just relying on pen calculations, they wouldn't exist for so long.
Seeing that the 'loophole' he had found was easily demolished by the young man Mai, Georgia Terry's face suddenly became filled with an unhealthy flush.
He quickly looked in front of and behind him, but found that no one spoke to help him refute.
After all, the subject of mathematics is like this, divided into two extreme 'one seconds'.
The first kind of one-second situation is when you scan the question and find within one second that you don’t know anything but can only write a solution.
The second one-second exchange is between industry leaders. In one second, you will understand whether what the other person said is right or wrong.
For example, the above derivation process.
Some people jumped here in a second, shouting that they looked lonely and asked the little cutie to return the money.
Some people understand everything in one second and can even pick out some errors and omissions.
gap.jpg.
Seeing that he was now alone and helpless, Georgia Terry couldn't help but take a deep breath and resorted to the last resort:
"Luo Feng, this is just a mathematical deduction. Mathematical calculations alone cannot convince the public!"
"John Cauchy Adams had calculated the orbit of Neptune in 1843, but until Neptune was discovered in 1846, he was still just an assistant professor at Cambridge University!"
"Unless you can prove that light can exhibit two properties at the same time during the experiment, the possibility I mentioned must exist!"
After Georgia Terry finished speaking, several responses suddenly sounded from the crowd:
"Yes, it is possible!"
"I agree with Mr. Terry!"
"Ah, yes, yes!"
Xu Yun took a quick look and found that most of the people who spoke out were rich and powerful people wearing gorgeous clothes and badges on their collars.
This is normal.
After all, ether theory is the foundation of classical disciplines, and it is also the support of the aristocratic system.
Nowadays, the modern mathematics faction led by Gauss has had a considerable impact on the inherent classical system. If the ether theory collapses again, the consequences will be disastrous.
Therefore, even if there is only a slight chance now, these nobles must forcefully try to extend their lives for Aether.
Looking at these ether supporters who refused to admit their mistakes, Xu Yun felt a little sigh in his heart.
These are nobility and authority.
At this time, everyone is like a gambler, putting all his hopes on the only chip.
But what they are ‘betting’ on is no longer science or knowledge, but basic logic.
After all, for people of this era.
The properties of light in a certain experiment are certain, and it is impossible for two changes to occur in one experiment.
Think of this.
Xu Yun couldn't help but leave the interferometer and walked to the open space on the left.
Xu Yun's move was mistaken in Georgia Terry's eyes as preparing to run away, so he quickly shouted:
"That Oriental man is trying to escape! Stop him quickly!"
After saying that, he was ready to rush towards Xu Yun.
However, after all, there were other members of the Gewu Society standing at the scene to maintain order. In addition, most people were reserved about their identities and did not do anything rude.
Ever since.
The crowd slowly followed Xu Yun in a slow, noisy but barely controlled manner.
Half a minute passed.
Xu Yun came to the third open space covered with black cloth.
He looked back at the bustling crowd and shook his head:
"I really can't cry without seeing the coffin..."
Say it.
He then bent down, as if lifting a shroud...
Hula——
Drag the covering cloth of the third open space hard.
And with the lifting of the covering cloth.
The experimental equipment that was covered under the cloth and kept secret by Xu Yun for a long time finally revealed its true face.
"...."
At the same time I saw this set of equipment.
Not far away, the originally noisy crowd suddenly fell silent.
Swish——
On the audience stage.
Along with Prince Albert, Faraday, Stokes and other elders, everyone suddenly stood up:
"This...this is?!"
.......
Note:
I will continue coding all night tonight, please vote for me!