Geneva, where CERN is located, is considered the hinterland of Europe and is extremely convenient to travel to.
Therefore, in addition to Lucas, the representatives who came today also included many well-known big shots from other organizations - at least compared to the Bian Neon scene, the amount of "big guys" was much higher.
So realize this.
Of course it's not just Lucas.
soon.
There were many physicists from other institutions or universities at the scene, all showing expressions of amazement.
A standard right-handed neutrino.
No wonder CERN dares to engage in such a big battle.
Looking at the surprised looks of a group of experts in the audience, Carlo Rubbia showed a satisfied smile.
Then he continued:
"As you can see, we used the Nucleon Decay method and observed the emergence of such an unconventional neutrino during the decay process of a neutron."
"In addition to having an unconventional mass, the neutrino's spin direction and motion direction are also antiparallel."
"And its electroweak energy scale is proportional to the decoupling energy scale at a factor of 11.4514."
"So I can proudly announce that today, February 1, 2023, we officially discovered the right-handed neutrino!"
Bang bang bang——
There was a burst of applause from the audience.
These applause are not just polite, but also contain a lot of sincere admiration and joy.
The data reported successively by Carlo Rubbia are enough to prove the authenticity of the right-handed neutrino.
Don't say anything else.
The study of right-handed neutrinos and symmetry breaking alone is enough to open up a new path for particle physics.
Although there are many new roads ahead of particle physics, there are also many people exploring them.
Now there is a new way.
How much funding can be applied for? Ahem, how many papers can be produced from this?
Not to mention there is a more important point.
That is.
Are right-handed neutrinos really sterile neutrinos?
After the applause stops.
Carlo Rubbia took another sip of Laoshan White Snake Grass water and continued:
"Of course, people may be more concerned about one thing than the discovery of the right-hand neutrino."
"So is it really a sterile neutrino?"
"Answer."
Carlo Rubbia paused and then said again:
"Not entirely."
While talking.
The screen behind Carlo Rubbia changed again.
At the same time, Carlo Rubbia changed the manuscript paper and continued to introduce:
"According to our research on this right-handed neutrino, due to the diagonalization of the mass matrix, it only lacks a unitary transformation from the flavor eigenstate to the mass eigenstate."
"Its properties are more similar to the CKM matrix of quarks. When it is inserted into the existing model as an active neutrino, it will satisfy that the sum of the squared differences of the masses is equal to 0."
Hear this.
There was a burst of regretful sighs from the audience.
So does Lucas.
Mentioned before.
Sterile neutrinos are not equal to right-handed neutrinos.
Otherwise, there would be no need for CERN to mention the discovery of right-handed neutrinos before, but just the discovery of sterile neutrinos.
Sterile neutrinos may be structurally right-handed neutrinos, or they may be undiscovered left-handed neutrinos - there are currently three types of left-handed neutrinos discovered:
The electron neutrino νe, the Mu neutrino νμ, and the tau neutrino.
Therefore, it is unclear when another left-handed neutrino will be discovered. Although the probability is not high from the perspective of the basic model, at least the probability is not 0.
In fact.
There is only one concept directly linked to right-handed neutrinos, which is the neutrino oscillation mentioned before.
That is to say, the recursive logic of neutrino oscillations → therefore neutrinos having mass → therefore neutrinos having chirality is observed.
It’s just that the physics community has never discovered a right-handed neutrino, so it is associated with sterile neutrinos.
It's like a reader guessing that a certain writer can update 50,000 times a day (lazy neutrino), and after discussion, they think that locking him in a dark room can do this (right-handed neutrino).
But this is only a possibility, and the two are actually not closely related.
The readers finally kidnapped the writer and locked up the dark room and found that he could only make 20,000 updates a day.
Therefore, the small black room (right-hand neutrinos) is not the correct way to update 50,000 (sterile neutrinos) per day.
That is to say, the right-handed neutrino is not a sterile neutrino, and there are other possibilities for sterile neutrinos.
For example, hanging the author and beating him or something.
alright.
The metaphor ends here, please do not substitute for real writers.
all in all.
There is only one core property of sterile neutrinos.
It means exactly what the word means.
inertia.
That is lazy.
How lazy is it?
So lazy that nothing will happen except for gravitational interactions.
Even if it is too lazy, its speed is much slower than ordinary neutrinos - ordinary neutrinos are close to the speed of light.
The only property that sterile neutrinos possess is the relativistic effect.
I gave up other constraints, so I can update 50,000 times a day, laugh.
The right-handed neutrino discovered by CERN will only satisfy the state that the sum of the squared differences of masses is equal to 0 when it is integrated into the existing model as an active neutrino.
Then there is no doubt
It must not be a sterile neutrino.
But if you think about it carefully, this makes sense.
If this right-handed neutrino is really a sterile neutrino, then what this press conference will discuss is whether this neutrino is cold dark matter.
If that's true
Lars would never say anything close to being 50/50 with Neon.
Figured this out.
Lucas couldn't help but sigh.
When will the physics community truly discover dark matter?
After all, compared with others, the two results that cost Lucas the Nobel Prize were both related to dark matter.
Needless to say about neutrino oscillations.
It proves that neutrinos have mass and denies the current possibility that neutrinos are dark matter.
And gravitational waves.
Although it has nothing to do with dark matter academically.
But before 2016, these two concepts were one of the unsolved substances in cosmology, and they were regarded as brothers.
Now the brother of gravitational waves has found a girlfriend, but the bad brother of dark matter is still single.
Do you think Lucas's mood is not subtle?
However, Carlo Rubbia on the stage did not know what Lucas was thinking. He was still making a report at this time:
"Although the right-handed neutrino is not a real sterile neutrino, it still retains some theoretical possibilities for us."
"For example, everyone knows that the left-handed neutrino field acts as a weak isospinal left-handed doublet component, so it will participate in the weak interaction."
"The right-hand levitation field of the sterile neutrino does not have a corresponding doublet state to couple, so it does not participate in the weak interaction."
"As for the right-handed neutrino, in the case of TNCG, it also shows the characteristic of not participating in the weak interaction."
Talk about this.
Carlo Rubbia opened his hands to both sides and looked at everyone like a 260-pound spherical angel:
"So everyone, from the nature analysis, I insist that we are heading in the right direction."
"Just like the three classifications of conventional neutrinos, there may be other undiscovered right-handed neutrinos hidden in some unknown corner."
"Here today, I solemnly propose a guess, that is, perhaps the right-handed neutrino is actually the medium connecting "bright matter" and "dark matter"."
"As long as we follow this path, we may be able to find the real dark matter within ten years!"
Carlo Rubbia said this very firmly, because he really thought so.
After all, the data he mentioned today were all true without any processing.
That is to say, right-handed neutrinos do exhibit certain dark matter characteristics in the case of TNCG.
Although the manufacturing cost of this condition is as high as half a million dollars each time and the duration is less than three seconds, it is indeed a direction.
If nothing unexpected happens.
Within ten years, substantial breakthroughs should be achieved.
It’s just that Carlo Rubbia is not sure
Can I survive until that time?
Now he is 88 years old. Although he is still in good health, no one can tell what is going on for people of this age.
For example, Carlo Rubbia himself knew many people who were fine one year but suddenly aged a lot the next.
There are even people who are full of energy in the first half of the year and talk about going fishing on the Thames River, and in the second half of the year they go to the Wangchuan River to cast their poles.
Therefore, Carlo Rubbia firmly believes that dark matter will eventually be discovered within ten years, but he is not sure whether he will be able to see it.
After introducing the relevant information about right-handed neutrinos.
Same as Kamiokande press conference.
CERN entered the media question session.
However, compared to the Kamiokande press conference, Carlo Rubbia, who is much higher than Suzuki Atsuto in both character and status, was not deliberately targeted.
The first person to ask the question was a female reporter from Physical Review Letters.
However, as the saying goes, women are not inferior to men. This reporter started with a very professional physics question, and his fluency was not inferior to those of industry experts:
"Professor Carlo, since you mentioned the condition of TNCG, it means that you are following the principle of nature."
"But you should know that at least two of the three generations of leptons have very large mixing angles, so that ties the discordant small quantities to symmetry breaking.
"Isn't that too optimistic?"
Carlo Rubbia gave the other party a thumbs up, indicating that it was a good question, and explained with a smile:
"This is a good question. Madam, you should know that quality projects must be non-diagonal, right?"
The female reporter thought for a moment and nodded:
"That's right."
Carlo Rubbia snapped his fingers happily and continued:
"So during the entire process, the total lepton number L is still conserved, so the non-diagonal matrix element is obviously a destructive behavior."
"If you ignore the non-zero CP phase angle fitted by recent experiments, the quadrant in which the CP angle is located determines the overall direction of the neutrino - this characteristic is also observed whether it is a left-handed or a right-handed neutrino."
"In this case, these discordant small quantities are clearly related to CP symmetry."
"Because in the standard model we can eliminate all relative decay "velocities", but only the CP angle is an absolute direction. Do you understand what I mean?"
The female reporter thought for a little longer this time, but finally nodded:
"I understand, thank you Professor Carlo."
Carlo Rubbia then accepted questions from several other reporters or colleagues, all of which were successfully completed.
Then very quickly.
The microphone was passed to the last reporter.
This reporter was a tall, bald man. As soon as he stood up, he felt that the whole room was much brighter.
The bald man held the microphone, looked at the recorder in his hand, and asked Carlo Rubbia:
"Professor Carlo Rubbia, since you think dark matter may be discovered within ten years, which institution do you think is most likely to make a breakthrough first? Is it CERN?"
Carlo Rubbia was slightly startled. This question was somewhat unexpected:
"Mr. Reporter, to be honest, although I really want to answer your question, it will be CERN that discovers dark matter."
"But nothing in the world is bound to develop according to human wishes, especially undiscovered things."
"So I can only give you a rough answer, either Europe or America, that's all."
"Europe or America?"
The bald man repeated the two areas and asked again:
“What about Asia?”
"."
Carlo Rubbia raised his eyelids and glanced at him, shook his head and said:
"At least in my opinion, it is almost impossible for Asia to achieve a breakthrough in dark matter. Although a certain country has indeed achieved remarkable results in neutrinos, it is dark matter."
Talking and talking.
An inexplicable emotion suddenly appeared in Carlo Rubbia's heart. The sadness he had felt before about whether he could survive until dark matter was discovered was suddenly amplified, as if something had been replaced:
"Let's put it this way, if Asians can discover dark matter, I will eat the ax from the bronze statue of Maxwell in Cavendish Laboratory on the spot!"
Carlo Rubbia finished these words.
Suddenly there was a burst of laughter from the audience.
This burst of laughter did not mean much to mock Carlo Rubbia. It seemed that
Everyone in the audience thought so too.
On the contrary, Carlo Rubbia reacted after he finished speaking.
The Asia he refers to is actually mainly Neon, or to be more precise, Neon's Kamiokane Laboratory.
In fact, next door to Neon, there is a larger country that is also conducting dark matter experiments.
They have the Wukong Dark Matter Detection Satellite above and the Jinping Deep Underground Laboratory below. They are making overt or covert breakthroughs every year.
However, considering that the words had already been spoken, Carlo Rubbia chose not to explain much.
It would be very troublesome to explain this kind of thing too much, besides
Even considering the country of China, Carlo Rubbia does not think that the other country has the ability to discover dark matter first.
Think of this.
Carlo Rubbia was also relieved a lot.
Then came the routine viewing of video recordings, personal speeches by members, guest comments, etc.
Lars, the supervisor of the bubble room, also came on stage and beeped for more than ten minutes.
that's all.
More than two hours later.
The meeting was formally dissolved.
Since Lars had to attend an internal closing meeting, Lucas took his two colleagues out of the conference center and prepared to go back to the hotel to take a rest.
While walking, he also took out his mobile phone, intending to confirm the next itinerary with Fermilab.
He finally came to Europe. If he had the chance, he would like to meet some old friends or classmates, and visit the graves of some deceased elders.
As a two-time Nobel Prize winner, Lucas has made such a request for qualifications.
soon.
The call is connected.
"Hello, Miss Roy."
After the call was connected, Lucas took the initiative and said:
"The CERN press conference has ended. I will transmit the text report to you via fax within 24 hours. In addition, I would like to apply for a ten-day leave."
As a result, the words were not finished.
The second half of Lucas's words was interrupted by a deep male voice on the other side of the phone:
"Mr. Lucas, it's me, Angus."
Angus?
be honest.
When he heard the name, the first thought that came to Lucas' mind was Angus beef.
But he soon realized that this somewhat unfamiliar name was actually the Director-General of URA, the above-mentioned operating agency of Fermilab:
"Mr. Angus, aren't you in Chicago? How could you?"
"I asked the intercom to transfer your call directly."
Angus, who was on the other end of the phone, gave a brief explanation, and then said quickly:
"Mr. Lucas, I'm sorry to inform you that your vacation may be cancelled."
"In addition, you have to rush to Geneva International Airport at 6:50 tomorrow morning, fly to Paris first, and then fly to China."
"Going to China?"
Lucas was stunned when he heard this, but he was also a well-known expert after all, and he quickly realized something:
"Mr. Angus, what happened over there in China? Did the 59 they built change to the sky?"
There was silence on the other side of the phone for a few seconds:
"It has nothing to do with the 59th reform, we received the notice, it is said."
"They discovered dark matter, true cold dark matter, CDM."