Chapter 464 The true identity of particles! (Part 2)
"These are actually two particles very close to each other, as if..."
"Where are we holding hands?"
Because the meeting time is too long.
Mr. Yang's energy was almost exhausted at this time, so his tone sounded a bit soft when he spoke.
But with the help of radio equipment.
Mr. Yang's words spread throughout the entire venue in an instant... No, we should say the entire network.
Even people who don’t understand particle physics can understand what Mr. Yang means at this time:
That signal...
Actually two particles?
After a while.
I don’t know how many times a row of question marks appeared in the rooms of major live broadcast platforms:
【?????】
There was a loud noise at the scene.
at the same time.
The tenth row.
The surprised Lu Chaoyang suddenly thought of something.
I saw him quickly pulling out his original calculation paper, picking up the pen, lowering his head and starting to calculate.
"If there are two particles... If there are two particles..."
"Then there is no need to expand the merger, and the vacuum quantum number doubles..."
Because the final form of the entire equation has been determined.
Therefore, at this time, Lu Chaoyang only needed to modify some of the parameters to quickly complete the calculation.
More than half a minute later.
The quantum wizard threw down his pen, took a deep breath, and murmured:
"...The fourth power of 3.188, the energy scale matches up, exactly two orders of magnitude."
Then he looked at Christine next to him and said in a daze:
"Ms. Christine, if that signal is two particles, then all the data anomalies we encountered before... can be explained smoothly."
Hear this.
Kristine, who had been waiting for the results, couldn't help opening her mouth:
"God...but this...how is this possible?"
As we all know.
in particle physics.
A particle may have partners, or it may have isotopes with different mass numbers, and the number may even be dozens.
However, due to the non-degeneracy of the energy levels caused by the one-dimensional infinitely deep symmetric square potential well, theoretically only one particle will exist near a certain energy level in an experiment.
Because particles with the same charge will be bounced away by the electromagnetic force, the electromagnetic force at this time is stronger than the gravitational force.
There are two situations for non-homogeneous charged particles:
Either form chemical bonds.
Or, like electrons and protons, they turn into neutrons under extreme pressure, undergo a nuclear reaction, and suddenly turn this place into Hao Ren's happy house.
On the quantum scale, it is impossible for two particles to form the current nearly integrated equilibrium state at such an "intimate" level.
Let’s use another analogy.
The handsome reader owns a Mercedes-Benz C-class car and bought a parking space in the community to park it.
In the community, you can see cars of various brands, such as Buick, Volkswagen, BYD, etc., and occasionally you can see the E-Class or S-Class, both of which belong to Mercedes-Benz.
But no matter what kind of car it is, they have no intersection with you in terms of ownership.
You can't drive those cars, and the only one that can park in your parking space is your own. All cars follow this rule.
As a result, one day when you were passing by your neighbor's parking space, you suddenly found two cars parked in the same parking space, one on top of the other when traveling, and the traffic police allowed them to drive as they pleased.
This tmd is outrageous...
That's pretty much what's going on right now, and it's obviously very shocking to our outlook.
This is why no one, including Mr. Yang, Mr. Witten, and others, thought that this signal was sent by two particles together.
But on the other hand.
It is indeed established in the data.
That is to say, two particles holding hands appeared in the community (particle energy level), avoiding the supervision of microscopic rules (traffic police), and swooped past you.
Of course.
The premise here is the same experiment.
If there are different times of experiments, it is possible that two different particles will show similar energy levels:
For example, the magnitude of the collision of ∧2350 and ∧2150 hyperons is around 1.9 GeV, but only one of the particles will be generated in an experiment, and it is impossible to appear at the same time.
"This isn't over yet."
While Christine was shocked, Lu Chaoyang glanced at the girl again:
"Don't forget, after the energy scales are matched, it not only means that the shapes of the two particles are mathematically consistent, but more importantly..."
"The model we talked about before may be true now."
Christine was stunned again.
After regaining consciousness.
A numb feeling instantly rushed from her tailbone to the top of her head.
"Oh my god...it's so exciting..."
.......
Mr. Yang and others in the first row were not aware of the conversation between Lu Chaoyang and Christine. At this time, they were sitting together, verifying the feasibility of the simultaneous existence of two particles from more detailed data.
"Topological susceptibility is no problem..."
"The decay factors were successfully balanced..."
"No wonder there is a situation where the eigenvalue is normal, but it is an expression of a scalar field, because the two particles are fermions and bosons..."
With the substitution of the two particle models.
All the data anomalies that had troubled everyone earlier have been answered.
More than ten minutes later.
Hou Xingyuan's assistant Gao Hongwen hurriedly found Academician Pan and handed him a document that was still hot:
"Academician Pan conducted a verification of the additional cracking mechanism and determined that signs of two particles were found in the final state of Σ3!"
"However, their energy level splitting interval is very small, only about 520ev."
Academician Pan took the report, looked at it a few times, and nodded to him:
"I understand, thank you for your hard work, Xiao Gao."
Crack.
This is an unconventional verification method rarely seen in particle collision experiments.
It is a beam energy scan of the heavy ion collision process, and explains the experimental phenomenon through different average field potentials.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! The main purpose is to distinguish the refined attributes of adjacent particles in the section.
Even if it is, crack verification may be used once or twice throughout the year, so neither party has thought of it before.
And at this moment.
The release of the cracking results also officially represents the correctness of Yang Lao's conjecture.
In other words.......
This 923.8 GeV signal is indeed emitted by two particles together.
To know.
Under the precondition that the rounds are the same.
At present, the particles with the closest collision energy levels are Σ1580 baryons and B mesons, and their energy level signals differ by 57MeV.
At present, the difference between the two particles is only 520eV, which is no longer explainable by normal theory.
Therefore, after mathematically determining the existence of two particles.
A problem on the physical level is placed in front of everyone again:
How did this ‘state’ form?
Then Witten thought about it and asked Mr. Yang:
"Yang, do you have any other comments?"
Hearing this, Mr. Yang quickly glanced at Xu Yun beside him. Seeing Xu Yun's well-behaved expression.JPG, he shook his head:
"there is none left."
Witten's eyes followed Xu Yun, and his tone was not obviously disappointed. After all, his biggest pressure had been relieved:
"In this case, let's follow the old rules and start with the particle structure."
"Currently, judging from the magnitude, at least it...or they should be structurally consistent with the existing mechanism."
Polyakov and others looked at each other after hearing this and nodded slightly.
Then everyone picked up another trajectory report on the table and read it carefully.
Mentioned before.
For the relevant attributes of a composite particle, that is, to determine which particle it is in the model, it can be determined from data such as the cross section of the production path and the branch ratio of the decay path.
But if you want to determine the composition structure and deep-level physical properties of a certain particle, it is much more complicated.
Because this involves real 'basic' physics.
"Judging from the magnitude of the collision, these two particles should both be hadrons."
Polyakov, who looked like a brown bear, raised his head and took a sip of vodka while reading the report:
"But its chiral properties are a bit strange...could it be modified by H mesons?"
Nima beside him quickly shook his head and pointed sideways at a certain line of data:
"Mr. Polyakov, look here, the error of the magnetic moment deviation is 0.4% per 10,000."
"According to the 3X3 matrix analysis of the classical electron dynamics static particle model, the correction effect of h mesons is obviously impossible to be so high."
Polyakov quickly performed some mental calculations, and finally nodded with his lips pursed:
"You're right, Nima."
Then he thought for a while and took another sip of vodka:
"If it is not due to the h meson correction, then it can only be a problem of degrees of freedom."
This time.
Nima didn't raise any more doubts.
As we all know.
In the physics community, particles participating in strong interactions are called hadrons. Hadrons include mesons, baryons and Liu Huaqiang. Ahem...
The first hadrons discovered were protons and neutrons, because the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.
Since the beginning of the last century, scientists have successively observed various hadrons from cosmic rays.
The properties of these hadrons are different, including mass, decay period, spin, parity and other properties.
Slowly, as more and more hadrons were discovered, everyone began to wonder whether they could be classified.
And since classification is required, there must be a standard.
For example, we will divide human beings into children, youth, middle-aged, old, etc. according to their age - the mathematical expression is the specific age number.
In theoretical physics, they have a professional term:
Degree of freedom.
Thanks to the efforts of the physics community, baryons were finally separated into the baryon octet state - now it has developed to the tenth state.
Although these two words sound like the Seven Ninja Swordsmen, they are actually very profound and important concepts in particle physics.
The particles in the baryon octet have the same spin and parity, but different masses. Protons and neutrons can also be classified here.
The degree of freedom model for dividing mass is...
Quark.
This is also a very critical model for basic physics after World War II.
In 1964.
Gell-Mann and Zweig independently proposed the quark model in order to study and explain the strong interaction.
Point out that quarks are at a more basic level, and 3 quarks can constitute a baryon.
At that time, Gell-Mann believed that there were three types of quarks, namely:
u(up) quark, d(down) quark, s(strange) quark.
Chinese translation is "up quark", "down quark", "strange quark".
When the "quark" model first came out, like many great ideas in history, it was doubted and no one cared about it.
Even Gell-Mann himself did not dare to believe that quarks really existed. He tended to explain quarks as a useful mathematical concept rather than a real particle.
Gell-Mann's attitude towards the question of the reality of quarks was to hide as much as possible.
On the one hand, he elaborated on the advantages of the quark model; on the other hand, he only said that the quark model was mathematical and fictitious, and never mentioned that quarks were real particles.
Gell-Mann once famously said:
"If quarks are not found, remember that I never said they existed; if they are found, remember that I was the one who thought of them in the first place."
all in all.
Until the 1970s, the quark model was questioned both theoretically and experimentally.
In 1970.
Glashow, who was just out of danger yesterday, proposed a fourth type of quark, namely charm quark, or c quark for short.
After the news came out.
Like Gell-Mann's original theory, Glashow's theory was also criticized.
At that time, a large number of physicists opposed the quark model. They believed that three kinds of quarks were bad enough, and who needed a fourth kind of quarks.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Moreover, in order to explain a phenomenon, it seems too far-fetched to forcibly expand the list of quarks.
But what no one expected was.
In November 1974, Mr. Ting Zhaozhong discovered a new particle and named it J/ψ.
At that time, a large amount of evidence showed that the J/ψ particle was composed of the c quark predicted by Glashow.
Later, the particle physics community called the discovery of J/ψ the "November Revolution", which was a victory for the quark model and a victory for a series of gauge theories closely related to quarks.
Since then, the concept of quarks has gradually become more and more popular, and new quarks have been discovered one after another, and finally settled on a number:
6.
That is to say, all hadronic matter is composed of six kinds of quarks.
Of course.
The identification of 6-flavor quarks does not mean that basic physics has reached the end, but it has raised a new question:
How many combinations of quarks are there?
Although due to the existence of quark confinement, quarks cannot form matter alone.
But over the years, various polyquark particles have been discovered.
For example, in 2014, the LHCb discovered the four-quark particle Z(4430)?, which caused a shock in the particle physics world.
But before the earthquake was over, in 2015, the LHCb announced the discovery of pentaquark particles - or two types, called Pc(4450)? and Pc(4380)?.
And you think this is good?
wrong.
Within two weeks, they discovered that Pc(4450)? This particle is actually composed of two independent pentaquark particles Pc(4440)? and Pc(4457)?...
It is said that during that time, more than a dozen psychiatrists were invited to provide psychological counseling to researchers at the LHCb laboratory...
Of course.
Even the two particles Pc(4440)? and Pc(4457)? are much larger in the interdomain than the group of particles currently being analyzed by Witten and others.
Then Witten flipped through the experimental report again and focused on the quark structure of the target particle.
After all, Nima has now ruled out the correction effect of h mesons, which means that the two particles cannot be a baryon and a meson stuck together to form a loosely combined structure.
Then the abnormality must be their internal configuration.
That is...
Strange hadron.
The reports given were very detailed. The thick stack was no less than three or four centimeters, and the reports related to quarks alone were no more than one centimeter.
The reports related to quark cases are different from the reports on subatomic particles. They mainly show low momentum but high purity data, and the main analysis focuses on mass peaks and broad structures close to the threshold.
Brush la la——
Witten quickly checked the mass spectrum of the double J/ψ channel in the fitted signal area. His focus was only on the obviously layered a signal.
However, when he was flipping through a certain page like an assembly line, Witten's index finger suddenly paused.
Then he turned the page he had turned back to the front of him again.
Witten's eyes stayed on a certain line of data for a long time, and there was a trace of horror in his calm eyes without any warning.
I saw him put this report aside independently, as if the teacher in class called out the students when they handed in their homework, and rummaged through the data in a panic.
ten minutes later.
A stack of about ten pages of small documents was put on the desktop.
Witten held the stack of documents tightly and carefully checked the contents one by one again.
Another few minutes passed.
Witten suddenly exhaled a long breath, looked at the people in front of him with complex eyes, and said:
"Everyone, I seem to know the reason why these two particles are abnormal."
Hear this.
Including Mr. Yang and Xu Yun, everyone raised their heads at the same time and looked at this top figure in theoretical physics.
at the same time.
The camera also locked onto Witten's face.
Witten didn't hide it, after all, it's not easy to break the story after taking a day off... Ahem, after all, it's not easy to tell the truth at this time.
I saw him gently waving the report in his hand and saying to everyone:
"Everyone should have discovered that during the previous decay process of Pangea particles, we have observed the signal of the double charm quark jet column."
Everyone nodded in unison.
Double charm quark spray column.
This was a signal discovered during the verification process of dark matter. However, because the case had nothing to do with dark matter at the time, many people did not take it to heart.
After all, although double charm quarks are extremely rare and have only been observed eleven times so far, they are still far behind dark matter. (When I wrote Chapter 216, it was only three times. Now the results are iterated too fast)
Then Witten looked around at everyone and continued:
"Everyone should know that if you want to produce a double charm particle, you need to produce two pairs of positive and anti-charm quarks at the same time in the collision, that is, a total of four heavy flavor quarks."
"Everyone, please pay attention here. This is the peculiar hadron spectrum before the particles are formed, one...two...three...four."
"That is, at the beginning of the formation of particles, there were two pairs of positive and anti-charm quarks in the collision area, and there were already double charm particles."
"But according to the energy level structure, after the particles were formed, the traces of the double charm particles disappeared, and at the same time, a charm quark appeared inside the particles on both sides."
Then Witten paused and changed another report:
"Everyone, take a look at this again."
"This is the strong nuclear force field source constant measured using strange quarks. It can be clearly seen that the value is extremely abnormal."
"The only particles that 'glue' the strong nuclear force are gluons."
"Although I don't know the principle for the moment, can I think so..."
"During the collision, a certain double charm quark particle divided its 'body' into two particles. As for the 'soul'..."
"Then he was 'reincarnated' into gluons in some unknown way, and merged with the original gluons... forever?"