Chapter 685: Atsushi Suzuki: This pit is too small, lets dig it bigger (Part 1)
"...?"
At this moment.
Inside the office.
I heard this confused voice from Yukawa Hideki.
On the side, Masajun Koshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga couldn't help but look at this top theoretical physics boss in Neon:
"Yukawa-san, have you found any problems? Is there any mistake in the Chinese paper?"
The first reaction of both of them was that Hua Xia's paper was flawed, which shows how much they distrust Hua Xia.
However, Yukawa Hideki frowned and remained silent for a few seconds, then slowly shook his head:
"No, it's not a mistake, but...this model seems a little special."
Xiao Chai Changjun was suddenly startled.
special?
what does this mean?
These two words are not common words in the physics community...or in the process of reviewing papers.
Generally speaking.
When physicists evaluate a certain paper, there are usually only two situations:
Or they will express admiration and exaggeration such as "perfect" or "exquisite" because of the high quality of the paper's content.
Either it means that a certain argument is [outrageous], [absurd] or [unintelligible].
For example, the "Nature" article that Yukawa Hideki first read, his evaluation was that the content was outrageous and the quality did not match the popularity.
But when faced with this Chinese paper, he actually said the word special...
Think of this.
Ochai Masajun couldn't help but swallowed his saliva and asked Yukawa Hideki:
"Yukawa-san, I'm sorry, I don't understand what you meant..."
Facing a rising star in the neon physics world like Masatoshi Oshiba, Yukawa Hideki's attitude was relatively mild. He moved his journal to the front of the table and said:
"Xiao Chaisang, you will understand when you look here."
Xiao Chai Changjun obediently poked his head.
The area that Yukawa Hideki refers to is a core derivation area of the paper. What is described above is a very novel idea:
The paper connects the theory of local gauge invariance with the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a special way, allowing gauge bosons to gain mass.
Masajun Kochai has noticed this process before, and the entry point is exquisite.
As we all know.
The vector field with mass is not gauge invariant, so terms like AμAμ will not appear in the generally written Lagrangian quantities.
Massless particles mean that the intensity of the interaction they represent is polynomially attenuated as distance increases. For example, the electromagnetic force is 1/r (long range), while having mass means e?mr/r (short range), where m is this
The corresponding mass of the particle.
Generally speaking.
The above corresponding relationship can be finally obtained by calculating the long-range limit r→∞ of the corresponding real space propagator.
but.....
Due to the limitations of the times and technology, the physics community at this time has not yet discovered vector bosons that describe weak interactions...that is, W±, Z bosons.
Therefore, most of the derivation directions use the Lagrangian quantity as the complex scalar field and the U(1) gauge field to couple.
One of the most well-known coupling methods is the Yukawa coupling proposed by Yukawa Hideki, which is the interaction between charged fermions and gauge fields.
It's a bit like electromagnetism up to a certain distance and weakens rapidly beyond that distance.
The interaction between weakly interacting vector bosons and gauge fields is through so-called gauge covariant derivatives, which are a bit more abstract.
However, the applicable scenarios for the current Yukawa coupling are relatively limited. When it is amplified to a state where the self-coupling is relatively small, its Lagrangian will have reflection symmetry.
To explain it with the example of Xu Yun's later generations...
Yukawa Coupling is a hard-core science fiction novel. It is well-known in the [Science Fiction] category and has many readers. The reviews are also very high.
But once the scenario of [Science Fiction] is replaced by all online novels - for example, including fantasy, fairy tales, sports and other categories, many readers in other categories will not be able to stand this type of work.
Many people sneer at the so-called science fiction, saying that they only like to read harem novels or invincible novels, and only pursue a cool word.
The fantasy and fairy tales here refer to the related categories of weak force and electromagnetic force. That is to say, this "work" of Yukawa Hideki was rejected in other categories due to inappropriate compatibility.
but.....
At present, the idea pointed out by Yukawa Hideki in the paper seems to have some variables.
Then Kochai Masajun took a serious look at it, and even picked up a pen and calculated on the paper for a while:
"Hmm? 0.98526....Yukawa-san, I seem to have seen this coupling parameter somewhere?"
Yukawa Hideki also touched his bald forehead and said:
"Well, it feels familiar to me, but I can't remember where I've seen this value."
And just when Yukawa Hideki and Koshiba Masatoshi were stuck, Shinichiro Tomonaga suddenly thought of something.
I saw him say "Private Marseille" to Yukawa Hideki, quickly walked to the chair nearby, picked up a briefcase and started flipping through it.
A little less than half a minute later.
Shinichiro Tomonaga took out a stack of reports, put them in front of him and read them for a few seconds, and then his eyes lit up.
Then he returned to Yukawa Hideki and others, handed the report to Yukawa Hideki, and his tone revealed a little urgency:
"Yukawa-san, look at this!"
Yukawa Hideki took the document and glanced at it for a few times, then his pupils shrank.
I saw that a certain parameter recorded in this report was surprisingly similar to what he and Kochai Masajun had calculated!
This parameter is only slightly different in the five or six decimal places, which is normal - after all, he and Masajun Kochaba simply performed a written calculation, and the result would definitely not be too accurate.
Not to mention that they calculated only one set of data, while the experimental report had multiple sets of controls and averages.
For top physicists like them, just by looking at the first few parameters, they can quickly determine that they are values with the same properties.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Then Yukawa Hideki turned the stack of documents back to the cover, raised his eyebrows after seeing the content clearly:
"Fitting data for electron neutrinos?"
"That's right."
Chaonaga Shinichiro nodded, pointed at the document and explained:
"This is part of the data research we conducted on electron neutrinos at the beginning of the year. To be precise, it is an in-depth calculation and derivation of the southern model led by Imperial University."
"The constant mass spectrum of electron neutrinos has a small fluctuation in this interval, and the finally calculated coupling parameter is about 0.98..."
"You were not in the project team at the time, Yukawa-san, but you must have seen this report, so you have some vague impressions."
Hearing this, Yukawa Hideki's eyes flashed with thought.
Neon's highest university group is called Teida, which consists of seven universities in total, namely the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Tohoku University, Osaka University, Nagoya University, Kyushu University and Hokkaido University.
This name is somewhat similar to the C9 universities in China and the Ivy League schools across the sea in later generations. It is considered a top university organization.
But what’s different from C9 and Ivy League schools is that.
Among the seven imperial universities, one university can also be directly called an "imperial university", and that is Tokyo Imperial University.
Tokyo Imperial University is the highest university in the country. The students in the school are directly called Imperial University students, and even their clothes are different from other college students.
Although the title 'Emperor' had some strong connotations, it was canceled after Neon's defeat.
However, Shinichiro Tomonaga and others are still accustomed to referring to Eastern University as Imperial University, as if this title can recall certain times in the past.
Two years ago.
Yoichiro Nanbu, another well-known neon scholar across the sea, proposed a Nanbu-Goldstone model to explain the world of particles smaller than atoms.
Although this model has serious errors from the perspective of later generations, for example, it cannot explain the transmission of the weak nuclear force, there are still many supporters in this period.
The main force of this group of supporters are theoretical physicists in Neon. For example, Emperor Shit organized a related derivation calculation in March this year - the calculation mentioned by Shinichiro Tomonaga.
At that time, more than 40 scholars participated in their derivation, so the calculation covered a wide range of particles.
These include not only the particles guessed by Yoichiro Nanbu, but also elementary particles that have been discovered, such as electrons and neutrinos.
Among them, the calculation data of neutrinos includes such a column of parameters of the constant mass spectrum.
The explanation of the invariant mass spectrum is relatively complicated and meaningless. The specific concept does not need to be grasped very clearly, but there is a small detail that you can know:
In the first episode of the science fiction drama "Three Body" starring Zhang Luyi and Yu Hewei, there is a computer room scene at 32 minutes and 6 seconds. An octagon-like pattern in the lower left corner of the screen in the middle of the scene is the invariant mass spectrum... which is the emu case.
.
Although Yukawa Hideki did not directly participate in the calculation of relevant data, he guided the derivation as a consultant at the time, and the final data was summarized with him.
That’s why he and Koba Masajun were slightly familiar with this data—Ochai Masajun was also one of the scholars who participated in the calculation at that time.
"Electron neutrino..."
Yukawa Hideki continued to lock his eyes on the report in front of him for a while, then turned to look at Koba Masajun and asked him:
"Xiao Chaisang, what do you think of this data?"
Among the four neon people at the scene, Suzuki Atsuhito was the youngest and was still studying for an undergraduate degree at the time, so he was directly excluded by Yukawa Hideki from the candidates who could communicate and discuss.
The remaining Yukawa Hideki was mainly proficient in pion and related nuclear force theory. It can be said that he spent the first half of his life studying pion-related research, and he did not have much exposure to electron neutrinos.
The remaining direction of Shinichiro Tonaga lies in electron chromodynamics, which focuses more on the derivation of framework.
Therefore, among the four, only Masajun Kochaba has the most special research direction - his direction is standard neutrino correlation.
Actually.
None of the four people at the scene knew that if the time were pushed back another twenty or thirty years, Masajun Koshiba would become the first scientist to intercept the neutrinos released by the supernova explosion.
One of his future Nobel Prize-winning achievements will also be related research on cosmic neutrinos. Neon's Kamiokande neutrino detector was also made by him.
It can be said like this.
Ochai Masajun's whole body is in the shape of a neutrino...
Therefore, when faced with problems involving electron neutrinos, the first thing Yukawa Hideki sought was naturally the opinion of an expert, Masatoshi Oshiba.
"..."
Then Xiaochai Changjun was silent for a moment, organized his words, and said slowly:
"How should I put it... Electron neutrinos are one of the three known types of neutrinos. The possibility of their existence was suggested in 1930 and was officially discovered by Professor Reines' team five years ago."
"This kind of particle usually has a large rotation of more than 90° in its trajectory, and it has two different Feynman diagrams and electrons acting on it - this is caused by the difference in its mass eigenstate in matter and in vacuum.
.”
"That's why it's called an electron neutrino."
Yukawa Hideki nodded slightly and narrowed the scope of the topic again:
"So Xiao Chai-san, what about the coupling of electrons and neutrinos? Is there any connection with the Yukawa coupling theory I proposed? - My focus over the years has always been on the meson level, and how to understand neutrinos
There really aren’t many.”
"Coupling..."
Ochai Masajun thought for a longer time, shaking his head while thinking:
"There seems to be no real data in my impression. After all, neutrinos and mesons are two different concepts..."
Although the physics community of this period has not fully discovered the particle model composed of 61 elementary particles, the relationship between neutrinos and mesons is still somewhat clear:
This chapter is not finished yet, please click the next page to continue reading the exciting content! Neutrinos are fermions, which only participate in interactions through the weak force and gravity. They are electrically neutral and have a very small rest mass.
The static mass of the meson is between leptons and hadrons. It is a hadron with an integer spin and zero baryon number. It can also be said to be a charged or uncharged particle that is heavier than an electron.
Mesons are subatomic particles that are held together by strong interactions. They are one of the more than 200 hadrons that have been discovered in this era.
Its types include positively and negatively charged and neutral pi mesons, positively and negatively charged and neutral k mesons and eta mesons.
It's just that compared to other hadrons, mesons have more special properties - they are responsible for transmitting nuclear force.
In other words, nuclear force is an exchange force, which acts through the exchange of mesons. (Note: According to the current understanding of this era, in later generations' theories, pi mesons cannot actually be regarded as the intermediate medium that transmits nuclear force. Its properties
very complicated)
Among them, the discoverer of p meson was Hideki Yukawa, who was in front of Masatoshi Koba.
Under normal circumstances.
Neutrinos and positrons can generate positive mesons, neutrinos and positrons and negative electrons can generate negative mesons, and neutrinos and positrons and negative electrons can generate neutral mesons. Otherwise, the two basically have nothing to do with each other.
Just like the same red blood cells can form a man or a woman, the attribute differences between men and women are not directly related to red blood cells...
But talk and talk.
Ochai Masajun suddenly thought of something, and suddenly looked at Yukawa Hideki:
"Wait a minute, Yukawa-san, speaking of coupling... I remembered something."
Yukawa Hideki asked quickly:
"What's up?"
Xiao Chai Changjun was silent for a few seconds and said slowly:
"Yukawa-san, if I remember correctly... in our institute's mathematical calculations on electron neutrinos last year, a very strange data item seemed to appear near a certain same wave peak."
"This data item has electronegativity in physical properties and is an additional mathematical item."
"It's just that the calculation was different from the southern model derivation some time ago. It was just an internal project with low specifications...or rather an internal discussion. There were less than ten participants, most of whom were researchers from our institute.
Even students.”
"So at that time we thought this extra term was just an error, so we didn't pay too much attention to it. But when you mentioned the concept of coupling today, I suddenly thought of another possibility..."
"That is, this data item is actually a mathematical representation of some kind of low-speed coupling, but its scenario is different from the conventional Yukawa coupling? In fact, it heralds another brand-new research direction?"
Hearing these words from Oshiba Masajun, Yukawa Hideki's pupils suddenly shrank:
"Red bean paste? Is there such a thing?"
Mentioned earlier.
The Yukawa coupling theory proposed by Yukawa Hideki has always been a theorem for low-speed scenarios - the so-called [science fiction] classification.
This category cannot be said to be particularly niche, but the overall proportion is only about 10%-15%.
So over the years, Yukawa Hideki has been trying to break out of the original classification and expand his audience - that is, making Yukawa Coupling applicable to other scenarios.
Although this operation is more difficult, it is not completely impossible.
For example, the most representative ones are several solutions to Einstein's field equations.
The first strict solution to Einstein's field equations is called the Schwarzschild solution, which describes a state of a black hole, so it is also called a Schwarzschild black hole or Schwarzschild metric.
The situation of the Schwarzschild solution is non-rotation...that is, j=0 and no charge. If the former is replaced with a rotation state, the Kerr solution can be optimized.
If what is changed is that there is no charge, then the Ressler-Nordstrom solution applies to the scenario.
This is a typical physical model case where certain basic concepts are transformed and applied to different situations.
There is also the Yang-Mills field derived by Yang Lao and Mills. This framework is essentially a variant of the Weyl gauge field.
So theoretically.
It is actually possible for Yukawa coupling to be adapted to another framework after some changes.
After winning the Nobel Prize.
Yukawa Hideki's only obsession in life is to expand the scope of application of Yukawa coupling and further improve his status in the history of physics.
And now...
A certain possibility seemed to appear in the distance.
Then Yukawa Hideki took a deep breath, calmed down his inner excitement, and said to Koba Masajun:
"Xiao Chaisang, is there any way to verify your guess?"
Xiao Chai Changjun glanced at him and said:
"If it's just a mathematical deduction...I can give it a try."
Hear this.
Wow——
Yukawa Hideki immediately stood up from his seat, placed his hands tightly on both sides of his thighs, and bowed solemnly to Koba Masajun:
"Xiao Chaisang, please!"
Hearing this, Masajun Koba also returned the favor with Hideki Yukawa. After all, regardless of age or achievements, Hideki Yukawa is considered his elder.
Then he quickly picked up the pen from the table and began to make relevant deductions:
"Yukawa-san, this is my first time trying to combine Yukawa coupling with neutrinos. I'm afraid I still need your guidance on the whole process."
“According to the chiral gauge theory, that is, the left- and right-handed fermions belong to gauge theories with different representations, the left- and right-handed spinors are defined as ψR≡1 γ52ψ,ψL≡1?γ52ψψˉR=ψ?1 γ52γ0,ψˉL=ψ?1?γ52..
....”
"If we first consider the terms in Dirac Lagrangian that do not depend on mass, they can be divided into left- and right-hand parts as follows, that is, ψˉD/ψ=∑?,?′=±ψ?1 ?γ52γ0D/1 ?′γ52ψ=∑?=?′=
±ψ?1 ?γ52γ0D/ψ=ψˉRD/ψR ψˉLD/ψL…”
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! "The most important thing in this case is the Standard Model. Its gauge group is SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1), and the left- and right-handed fermions are in SU(2)
)xU(1) part down-conversion method is different, that is, the two chiral components carry different charges under U(1), the left-hand fermion forms the SU(2) doublet state, and the right-hand fermion forms the SU(2) singlet state.
....”
Mentioned earlier.
Yukawa coupling is a low-energy effective theory. Low-energy here is not a derogatory term, but means low-energy level.
In terms of the concept of future generations...
The coupled scalar particles are not gluons. The mass of gluons is 0 but there is no long-range interaction because the coupling strength is too large, so only color singlets can be observed at low energy, which means that you can only observe color-neutral particles.
The actual performance of strong interaction at low energy is to transfer a meson...that is, a scalar particle with mass, a composite particle composed of two quarks, to approximately describe the short-range force, which is the Yukawa coupling.
Very simple and easy to understand.
The nuclear force is transmitted by π mesons, and the relevant quantitative calculations are applicable to the KG equation of the scalar field:
is λ(ψˉL riφi)ψR r=λv?mψˉL r1ψR r λ(ψˉL riφi)ψR r.
So what Masajun Koshiba has to do now is to try to fit the situation of this equation with the extra term of the neutrino.
This is not an easy task, but Masajun Kochai is very motivated at this time.
after all....
If this extra term can really be mathematically consistent with the Yukawa coupling, then what they may have discovered is a brand new physics track!
When the time comes, Yukawa Hideki will become a god, and he and Tomonaga Shinichiro will ascend to heaven together...
Think of this.
Ochai Masajun's movements became a little faster:
"If the right-hand singlet of a fermion matches the first component of the left-hand multiplet, the first term on the right is the Dirac mass term of the fermion..."
"So the second term on the right is the real interaction term between the fermion and the scalar fluctuation part. Theoretically, the intensity of the interaction in this mechanism is proportional to the mass of the fermion - Yukawa-san, I remember your coupling theory
Among them, the ratio of coupling constants must be equal to the ratio of masses, right?"
Yukawa Hideki nodded vigorously when he heard this:
"Yes, the fermion mass matrix can be obtained when the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field is non-zero. It is generally not about generation diagonalization."
"That is, a vertex coupling a gauge boson and two fermions does not mix fermion generations."
Xiao Chai Changjun's eyes suddenly lit up:
"Hey, this extra term also contains a non-zero vacuum expectation value, and it is also a local maximum!"
"7.3456Xπ/4, and then do a normal unitary transformation..."
Perhaps considering that the magnitude of the calculation was too huge, Yukawa Hidekihai pulled Suzuki Atsushi from the side to work as a coolie.
after an hour.
Kochai Masajun shivered as if he had entered the sage's time, and wrote an expression of the normative group on the paper:
【DμΦ=DμΩ?1(Φv r)=Ω?1ΩDμΩ?1?Dμ′(Φv r)】
【Dμ′≡?μ?igAμ′,Aμ′≡ΩAμΩ?1 (i/g)Ω?μΩ?1】
"...."
Looking at this expression, the huge office suddenly fell into an eerie silence...
A full minute passed.
Yukawa Hideki just looked at Masajun Koba in disbelief:
"Xiao Chaisang, within the framework of the electroweak energy level, we have reduced all particle energy level parameters to within 1?"
Gulu——
Xiao Chai Changjun swallowed hard and slowly rolled his eyes a few times:
"It seems... yes."
Yukawa Hideki was silent for a few seconds, and the look in his eyes gradually took on a kind of hair-raising horror:
"In other words...we discovered a new physics?"
Xiaochai Changjun did not answer this time, but his trembling cheeks said everything.
That’s right!
After combining the Yukawa coupling mechanism with the additional term of electron neutrinos, they calculated a brand new physical model!
No, to be precise, this is not a model, but a framework - as mentioned earlier, the model refers to the building designed by the architect, and the framework is the equipment such as excavators used in building the building.
Although the value of the former is more conspicuous, the importance of the latter cannot be ignored in the world of physics.
Actually.
Compared to Masatoshi Oshiba, Yukawa Hideki's inner reaction was even more exciting.
after all.....
Once this framework is confirmed to be true, he will likely win the second Nobel Prize in Physics in his life!
To know.
In the entire history of the Nobel Prize in Physics, no one has been able to win this honor twice, not even Einstein has achieved this achievement! (Bardeen has not won the prize twice this year)
Of course.
What they found at this time was just a fit in coupling theory. To truly complete this framework, a lot of manpower and material resources would need to be invested.
Bang bang bang——
Then Yukawa Hideki patted his cheek hard and forced himself to calm down again:
"Xiao Chaisang, objectively speaking, I think it is still too early to say that we have discovered new physics. After all, we have only completed a very marginal data fitting."
"If you want to verify whether this path is correct, I'm afraid there is still a long way to go."
Koba Masajun glanced at the corners of Yukawa Hideki's mouth that was about to show his molar teeth, and after thinking about it, he decided not to expose this senior's lies.
Then he paused again, thought for a moment, and said to Yukawa Hideki:
"Yukawa-san, what are you going to do next?"
"Next..."
Yukawa Hideki subconsciously wanted to pop out the champagne and write his Nobel Prize speech, but the remaining reason allowed him to remain basically calm:
"I think next we should conduct a more in-depth analysis of the data to fully verify their accuracy, at least mathematically."
"That is...to get those experimental materials from the hands of the Chinese people."