The reason why King Hui of Wei at that time was the first to open the feudal capital was related to the fact that the area was not far from the Yellow River and Jishui River and had four waterways.
Not long after he moved his capital to Daliang City, he organized a large number of manpower to dig an artificial canal nearby, which is the famous chasm in history.
However, it was precisely because of this gap that Daliang City was destroyed.
During Qin's war to unify the six kingdoms, the two countries once fought a fierce battle under Daliang City.
Unable to capture the city for a long time, the Qin soldiers diverted water from the Yellow River to Daliang. After three months of siege, the once prosperous city of Daliang was reduced to ruins.
This is also the first time that Kaifeng and Feng have suffered a "devastating disaster" due to flooding.
Such a disaster is a real disaster. A flood submerged a city. At most, some gold, silver and jewelry would be taken out of the city. As for other things, they must have been buried in the ruins.
, so such a submerged ancient city is of great archaeological value.
Not to mention other things, even this Daliang City from the Warring States Period is of immeasurable value, let alone several other ancient cities that continued to repeat this process in the later period.
And this is entirely because the surrounding rivers, the Bianhe River, which evolved from the chasm, became an important part of the later Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
In Kaifeng, one of the most important reasons why the Northern Song Dynasty, which was at its most prosperous period in the history of development, established its capital here was also because of the word "river", that is, the Bianhe River.
At this time, the Bianhe River has become a major channel connecting north and south transportation, which has brought unprecedented prosperity to Kaifeng and Feng, but also brought disasters. However, it is not entirely true that those ancient cities were destroyed due to the flooding of the Yellow River.
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There was a famous saying at that time: "The Yellow River overflowed for two thousand years, flooding Kaifeng and sealing several cities." This shows that the ancient city of Kaifeng was destroyed more than once, so it was an authentic city of destruction, destroyed again and again, and again and again.
The land was rebuilt, and until now, it is still a prosperous big city.
"The Yellow River has been flooding for two thousand years. It has flooded the city and sealed several cities." This is a widely circulated saying among the people. People generally believe that it is because of the flooding of the Yellow River that these ancient cities were mercilessly submerged by the sand of the Yellow River.
However, in the process of gradually uncovering and opening up the phenomenon of "cities on top of cities" underground, this understanding has now been corrected.
Before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River flowed through the northern part of Henan and entered the sea near Tianjin, hundreds of miles away from Kaifeng and Kaifeng. Although it constantly overflowed and flooded, it had no direct impact on Kaifeng and Kaifeng.
The Yellow River really began to threaten the safety of Kaifeng after the Yellow River changed its course to the south during the Jin Dynasty. In the following 1,000 years, the Yellow River breached more than 300 times, of which floods entered the city 7 times.
According to historical records, the Yellow River burst in 1305, blocking the city and completely submerging it.
In 1642, in order to evacuate Li Zicheng's peasant army, the Ming army dug the embankment of the Yellow River. "The city was flooded from the inside. What was seen was the two towers of bells and drums, the ridge of the vassal halls, the top of the Xiangguo Temple, and the Zhou Dizi City."
The tall Kaifeng city wall was almost flattened, with only the battlements and parapets exposed. After the flood, only 20,000 of the 370,000 people remained, and the vitality of Kaifeng city was severely damaged.
Swallowed by the Yellow River again and again, coupled with the intrusion of wind, sand, and fire, the Tokyo City (former site) of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was a great city, was gradually completely buried in sand and disappeared from the ground.
It is precisely because of the Yellow River that Kaifeng and Feng declined from the national capital to later becoming a provincial capital, and then became a regional city, gradually declining.
However, it is precisely because of the "big blanket" of mud and sand in the Yellow River that the city of Tokyo was able to avoid more destruction by war, fire, wind and sand, and a rich cultural heritage was relatively completely preserved for today's people. It can be said that the Yellow River was really destroyed.
, the merit is also the Yellow River.
Six buildings opened and closed the city, stacked on top of each other like towers. Especially in the more than 2,000 years from the Tang Dynasty to the present, the city's central axis has not changed. This is a typical representative of tenacity and upwardness, and a miracle in the history of world civilization.
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The feudal city of Kaifeng has been around for nearly 3,000 years. The current Kaifeng city wall is the Kaifeng Fucheng in the Qing Dynasty and the Henan provincial capital before liberation.
This is the largest existing ancient city wall building in Henan. It is also the famous Zhongzhou Ancient City in the country and the second largest ancient city wall building in my country after the Nanjing City Wall.
Kaifeng City is located in the east-central part of Henan Province. It is the tip of the Yellow River alluvial fan plain. Since it is an alluvial plain, it will naturally continue to change, whether it is expanding or shrinking, or even after a flood.
will be directly displaced, which has caused huge changes in this area.
Because it is built on an alluvial plain, with the continuous erosion of the Yellow River, this alluvial plain has changed. Even if the central axis of the city has never changed, the entire city is still changing, so don't
After saying that the city was flooded again and again.
The reconstruction after the submergence will definitely bring changes to the city, and the only thing that remains unchanged is the central area where the central axis is located, and Han Peacock has no intention of getting involved in this area.
Flooding of Daliang City in the Wei Dynasty was the beginning of the opening and closing of the city wall. In the sixth year of King Hui of Wei (364 BC), the Wei State moved the capital from Shan, Xi'an, Yi (today's Shan, Xixia, County, An, Yi County)
Moved to Yiyi (today's Kaifeng, the northwest area inside and outside Feng City, it was called Yiyi in the Spring and Autumn Period, located on the southern border of Weiguo, between Kaifeng and Kaifeng), and changed its name to Daliang.
This was the beginning of the founding of Kai Feng City, and also the beginning of the location of Kai Feng City Wall at this location. After more than two thousand years, there were no major changes to the city site.
Daliang City has a total of 12 gates, including Yimen in the east (near today's Iron Tower) and Gaomen in the west (about five miles outside the west city wall today).
According to the distance and direction between Gaomen and Yimen, the south wall of Daliang City is approximately on the east-west line in front of Xiangguo Temple today, and the north wall is approximately four kilometers north of the city.
From the above, we can infer that compared with today's open and closed cities, Daliang City is tilted to the northwest and has a slightly larger area.
Although we know this is the case, due to the fact that Daliang City is very deep from the earth's surface, and the underground water levels in Kai and Feng are very high, which brings great difficulties to archaeological work, most of the ancient Daliang City has not been surveyed, making Daliang City in the Wei Dynasty a
An eternal mystery.
This situation naturally brought opportunities to Han Peacock, and there were more than just such opportunities.
In 225 BC, Qin general Wang Ben attacked Wei and diverted water from the Yellow River through Honggou to flood Daliang. This lasted for more than three months. The city of Daliang was destroyed and the king of Wei faked his surrender.
This is the first devastating flood in Kaifeng.
After more than two thousand years, Wei Daliang City is now buried more than 10 meters underground.
The Qin Dynasty established Junyi County in Daliang. It was not until the Northern and Southern Dynasties that Liangzhou was established in the first year of Tianping (534) by Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. Junyi became a state for the first time.
In the fifth year of Jiande (576), Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty occupied Liangzhou and changed its name to Bianzhou.
It is estimated that there was a city in Bianzhou at this time, which should be close to the north bank of the Bianhe River. It was not too large and slightly smaller than Bianzhou City. In the Tang Dynasty, Tang Bianzhou City was the basis of the city walls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the second year of Jianzhong (781) of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Mian, the governor of the Yongping Army and the governor of Bianzhou, carried out a large-scale "reconstruction" of Bianzhou City. This reconstruction was also called "Building Luo City" , mainly to expand the south wall of Bianzhou City to the south and surround the Bianhe River into the city.
After the expansion, the city perimeter was 20 miles and 155 paces, with 7 gates.
In the fourteenth year of Zhenyuan (798), after Dong Jin took over as the military governor of Xuanwu Army, in order to prevent thieves from entering and exiting the city wall along both sides of the Bianhe River, he built two more water gates and asked his staff Han Yu to write "Bianzhou East and West Water Gates" One article, specifically describing the incident.
This east-west water gate became the predecessor of the slot gate on the south bank of the Bianhe River and the slot gate on the north bank of the Bianhe River on the east-west wall of the inner city of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The rebuilt Bianzhou City became the origin of the city wall in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and laid the foundation for today's city wall.
In the first year of Kaiping (907), Zhu Wen replaced the Tang Dynasty, namely Houliang, and established the capital in Bianzhou, which was called the Eastern Capital.
During the Later Tang Dynasty, Li Cunxu moved the capital to Luoyang and transferred it to Kaifeng Prefecture as the headquarters of the Xuanwu Army, which was still called Bianzhou.
In 936, the Khitan destroyed the Later Tang Dynasty and established Shi Jingtang as the emperor of Jin Dynasty, with the capital Bian named Tokyo.
Bian was the capital of the Later Han Dynasty, Later Zhou Dynasty, and Northern Song Dynasty, and the name was Tokyo. It was not until the Jin Dynasty that it was renamed Nanjing.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo City was in its most glorious period when the city walls were opened and closed.
The city of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty was gradually improved on the basis of the work of the Later Zhou Dynasty. In the second year of Guangshun of the Later Zhou Dynasty (952), Zhou Taizu issued an edict: "Kaifengfu repaired Luocheng, the capital, and led 55,000 Jinai Dingfu to build the building in ten days." That’s it.”
This is only a repair to the original wall, not an extension.
In the second year of Xiande (955), Chai Rong, Emperor Shizong of Zhou Dynasty, climbed up to the Zhuque Gate of the inner city. He ordered everyone in front of the palace to inspect Zhao Kuangyin's horse race and circle the city. They tried their best and the horse ran 24 kilometers and 355 meters.
Zhou Shizong designated the area where horses can run as the area of the outer wall, and ordered the Hulao soil brought from Sishui River to build a solid outer city. This laid the foundation for the glory of the outer city wall in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the third year of Jianlong (962), Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty began to expand the palace city. There were turrets at the four corners and ten-foot-high buildings. The city walls were all made of rammed earth.
In the first year of Kaibao (968), Zhao Kuangyin ordered the capital to be rebuilt and built into an imperial city. The inner city and the outer city had triple walls, which were impregnable.
The imperial city at that time was located slightly northwest of the center of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, now in the Panyang Lake area. Therefore, by this time, although the city had been expanded by successive emperors, part of it was still not covered by the modern metropolis.
In the fifth year of Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1012 AD), the imperial city was built with bricks. It was the only brick wall among the three city walls in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The imperial city spans about 1,570 meters from east to west, about 900 meters from north to south, and has a circumference of nearly 5,000 meters, which is roughly consistent with the "Nine Miles and Thirteen Steps" (to be tested) recorded in "The Legacy of Xuanhe".
There is also a palace city in the imperial city. The palace city is in the shape of a rectangle that is slightly shorter in the east and west and slightly longer in the north and south. Its east and west walls are each about 690 meters long, and the north and south walls are about 570 meters long. The total length of the four walls is about 2520 meters. It is similar to the "Song Dynasty". It is consistent with the "five miles around the Song Dynasty" recorded in the "History and Geography" and other books.
The scale of the city wall today started from the south of the Jin Dynasty, the capital city, and the end of the Jin Dynasty. In order to resist the powerful Mongolian army, "Xuanzong thought that the capital city was far away and difficult to defend, so he called Gao Qi to build the inner city, and it was possible to achieve it with all the public and private efforts." ( To be continued, please search Piao Tian Literature, the novel will be better and updated faster!