There were jade stones, spices, blue and white plum vases around Queen Ma's coffin, and wooden ceremonial guards and flags were placed on the coffin. It seems that Zhu Di was pretty good to his niece-in-law and did not treat her badly.●⌒,
The next thing to be cleaned was the coffin of Zhu Wengui, the son of Zhu Yunwen and Queen Ma. He was covered with a satin quilt, and clothes and gold and silverware were placed under the quilt. Under the body was a gold-woven satin quilt with four layers of mattresses.
, one of them is embossed with 100 coins that "dispel disasters and extend life".
He wears a pointed brown hat with black gauze on his head, a yellow silk jacket embroidered with dragons on his upper body, yellow satin trousers with entangled lotus flowers on his lower body, a robe embroidered with cloud and dragon patterns around his waist, and yellow satin shoes. He only has a skeleton left.
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The last thing to be cleaned was the coffin of Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yunwen. Zhu Yunwen's coffin was the largest, 3.3 meters long and 1.8 meters high. In addition to his body, the coffin was filled with various funerary objects.
The top layer covering him was a brocade quilt, with robes and decorative materials placed under it. There was a brocade quilt under the body, and there were 9 layers of quilts under the quilt, one of which was sewn with "good luck and good luck" money 17
pieces.
He was wearing an embroidered robe, a jade belt around his waist, a black gauze winged crown on his head, yellow satin trousers, and high red satin embroidered boots. His body had also rotted away and only his bones remained.
In addition to the funerary objects inside the coffin, there are also many funerary objects outside the coffin. There are 29 red lacquered wooden boxes near the emperor's coffin. The boxes are filled with gold and silverware, crowns, belts, accessories, copper and tin utensils.
, weapons, posthumous books, posthumous treasures, wooden figurines and other objects, a total of 2648 items, many of which are rare and rare.
There are hundreds of gold vessels, among which the emperor's and empress's gold crown, gold wine cup and gold goblet are particularly exquisite.
Zhu Yunwen's golden winged crown is made of extremely fine gold wire and is woven using a variety of techniques. It is stacked with a pattern of two dragons playing with beads. The holes are well-proportioned and there is no trace of joints on the surface. Especially the vivid shape of the dragon.
Powerful and vigorous.
The unearthed Queen's phoenix crown has four crowns. Queen Ma's crown has three dragons and two phoenixes on it. The dragon is made of gold. The dragon's mouth holds jewels, the two dragons on the left and right each hold long strings of beads, the phoenix holds beads in its mouth, and the phoenix is covered with green clouds.
This green cloud is dotted with the edge feathers of kingfishers on hard paper. This method of dotting green has not been handed down.
The inside of the crown is a cone made of lacquered bamboo silk, with a gold ring on the edge.
The other three crowns are the twelve dragons and nine phoenix crowns, the nine dragons and nine phoenix crowns, and the six dragons and three phoenix crowns. The six dragons and three phoenix crowns are the most exquisite. Six dragons woven with gold threads sit on the phoenix crown. The head is high and three kingfisher feathers are used.
The pasted phoenix bows down and spreads its wings as if it is flying.
Dragons and phoenixes hold jewelry strings in their mouths and play among the peonies of different sizes embellished with pearls and gems, as well as the emerald Ruyi clouds and flower trees.
The six temples behind the crown are separated to the left and right, like colorfully unfolded phoenix tails.
This phoenix crown is jeweled and magnificent, with 128 red and sapphires and more than 5,400 pearls. It weighs 2,905 grams.
According to the "Ming Dynasty Yufu Zhi", the queen's dress was customized in the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, and she was crowned with nine dragons and four phoenixes. The number of phoenix crowns, dragons and phoenixes unearthed here is different from the historical records, which is very valuable for studying the Ming Dynasty's laws and regulations.
There is also a gold wine note among the gold vessels, and the Golden Goblet is very eye-catching.
The body of the gin wine injection is engraved with patterns of clouds, dragons and flowers, and both sides of the injection belly are inlaid with coiled dragons carved from white jade. The dragon's eyes are inlaid with bright rubies, which means "the finishing touch".
The outer wall of the belly of the Golden Jue Cup is engraved with semi-relief patterns of two dragons playing with beads and sea water, river buds and flowing water. The three legs and two pillars are each engraved with dragon head patterns.
The edge of the gold tray and the inner wall of the belly are engraved with cloud patterns. The inner wall of the bottom is engraved with dragon chasing beads patterns and cloud patterns.
There is also an inscription engraved on the outer wall of the mausoleum: "It was built in the year of Yongle, and the gold weighs five taels, one qian and seven cents." This can also prove that Emperor Yongle knew about the construction of this mausoleum. One reason is because of the name Daoyan.
The next one is the coffins of Queen Ma and Zhu Wengui.
Without the help of Emperor Yongle, their family of three would never have been able to get together, let alone the jue made in Yongle's year.
Moreover, Han Kongque even suspected that many of the things here were sent in by Emperor Yongle later. Otherwise, how could a king who had subjugated his country collect enough to be buried with him?
Especially the various silk fabrics. You must know that in ancient times, not everyone dared to make these silk fabrics here.
Silk fabrics occupy a very important position among the cultural relics unearthed from this ancient tomb. There are more than 600 pieces of various robe materials, cloth materials and clothing items, most of which are jacquard fabrics of various textures.
Most of the pieces of leather are attached with a girdle, which records the color, pattern, material, purpose and length of the piece of fabric. Some also record the name of the fabric, place of origin, year and month of weaving, etc.
The most distinctive feature of the fabrics is the colorful flowers, including damask, floral yarn, flower silk, floral silk, etc. This is based on traditional brocade, absorbing the warp and weft cutting technology of tapestry, and using local flower disc control.
A new variety of silk weaving formed by weaving methods.
This technology had appeared before the Ming Dynasty, but as a weaving method for the overall pattern of silk fabrics, it was a major achievement in the silk weaving technology of the Ming Dynasty.
Among the colorful costumes unearthed from the underground palace, the embroidered Bai Ziyi is especially precious. This dress was found in the coffin of Queen Ma and is a serious queen's uniform.
"Historical Records of Ming Dynasty" records: "The queen's regular clothes were ordered in the third year of Hongwu...the clothes are woven with gold dragon and phoenix inscriptions (patterns) and embroidered."
The pattern of the Bai Ziyi is based on the theme of a rising dragon, with the dragon circling around and playing with the Bai Zi. It is solemn and magnificent. The dragon pattern is vivid in posture, the dragon body is thick and powerful, and it is surrounded by patterns such as clouds, sea water, and river buds, which further accentuates the majesty of the dragon.
On the lower half of the front and back plackets and the wide sleeves, there are embroidered 100 plump, lively and cute children, playing various games, such as reading, traveling, hide-and-seek, bathing, etc., with different expressions and lifelike expressions.
Baizi is surrounded by eight treasures such as gold and silver ingots, Fang Sheng, ancient coins, and rhinoceros horns, as well as "one year scenery" patterns of spring, summer, autumn, and winter composed of plum blossoms, lotus, peach blossoms, chrysanthemums, camellias, and other flowers.
The entire pattern embodies the meaning of "descendants will have many blessings and longevity".
In addition to the gold and silverware and clothing unearthed from the coffins of this mausoleum, the most outstanding items unearthed from the underground palace are porcelain.
Although there are not many porcelains unearthed here, only 16 pieces, which can be divided into two categories: blue and white porcelain and three-color porcelain.
Blue and white porcelain accounts for the majority, with 13 pieces, including 3 vats, 8 plum vases, 1 bowl, and 1 rouge box; 3 pieces of tricolor porcelain, including 1 incense burner and 2 flower goblets.
A porcelain furnace unearthed from the underground palace has three glaze colors: yellow, green and purple, also known as the "three colors of the Ming Dynasty". The ears and feet are made of two coiled dragons, which is extremely vivid and is a treasure among porcelains.
In addition to this, there are also large vats with blue and white dragon patterns and blue and white plum vases. They are not small in size. It can be said that each one is a treasure.
There are many treasures unearthed from this ancient tomb, including a large number of funerary objects, all of which are high-quality. For example, the jade articles unearthed from the underground palace are top-grade, including a jade jute with a golden throne inlaid with precious stones. The jute is carved from white jade and has a powerful shape.
Vigorous, meticulous and powerful in knife skills, it is a rare masterpiece.
Of course, not everything in this ancient tomb is a treasure. For example, among the unearthed cultural relics, in addition to precious gold, silver, jade, and porcelain, there are also a considerable number of copper and tin utensils.
Bronze vessels have been found in many tombs of the past dynasties. Among the bronze vessels unearthed here, except for 5 that are practical (including 2 gold-plated copper spoons and 3 gold-plated copper oil-washed pots), the rest are ancient artifacts, totaling 60
pieces.
All the tin wares are Ming ware, as many as 370 pieces, and there are more than 400 copper and tin ware Ming ware in total, accounting for a considerable proportion of the unearthed cultural relics.?
These copper and tin utensils are inferior to those of gold, silver, jade, porcelain and other utensils. They are small in size and crudely made.
Each component of the copper Ming ware is first made and then welded or riveted together.
All are plain and gilded, but the gilding is very thin and most of it has fallen off.
For tin ware, according to the different shapes of the utensils, tin sheets are first cut, each part of the utensil is punched out, and then welded into shape.
The lids of all utensils are welded to the body, and some are just symbolic parts, making the utensils only have their shape.?
These seemingly very simple and rough symbolic artifacts, a very important point is that most of them have labels on ink calligraphy and paper, indicating the name and quantity of the artifacts, and a few have no labels.?
It is not new to have inscriptions on the unearthed artifacts, but it is rare to have ink calligraphy labels on the artifacts to indicate the specific names. There are many of them and they are small symbolic artifacts.
We modern people can understand the shapes and names of the palace utensils in the Ming Dynasty and the types of utensils used in the palace through these labeled symbolic utensils.
Because Ming ware is made by imitating the objects used before biotechnology, the copper and tin Ming ware unearthed from Dingling were imitated in the shape of practical utensils in the palace.
The name on the ink book label is consistent with the actual object in the palace and is accurate.
Therefore, this batch of copper and tin Ming ware played a very important role in studying the shape and naming of palace utensils in the Ming Dynasty.
These precious cultural relics unearthed in large quantities were naturally processed first. After these were processed, some small and extremely precious items fell into the eyes of Han Kongque and others.
Like the golden silk winged crown, this one was found in a round box placed on the side of Emperor Jianwen's head. It was woven with extremely fine gold wire.
There are gold inlays on the inside and outside of the lower edge. On the back and upper side of the crown, there are two symmetrical dragons converging on the top. The dragon head is at the top, with its mouth and tongue open, its eyes wide open, and its body curved and coiled.
There is a round fire ball between the two dragons, with flames shooting out around it.
The craftsmanship of this crown has reached its peak, reaching the level of perfection.
This winged crown is divided into three parts: "front room", "back mountain" and "golden folded corner", all made of gold. The front room part is made of 518 0.2 mm thin gold wires to form a "lantern kong'er"
pattern.
Due to the skill of the craftsmen at that time, the patterns weaved not only had uniform gaps and consistent density, but also had no joints or broken wires, and no trace of the origin and origin, making it as light and transparent as wing yarn.
The back mountain and folded corners are also made of gold wire, and the weaving pattern is the same as that of the front room.
The back mountain part is assembled with gold ornaments with the pattern of two dragons playing with beads. The heads, claws, dorsal fins and fire beads between the two dragons are all carved using Yang Chi technology, giving a semi-relief effect. (To be continued.