No matter which statement is made, it reflects the high-spirited and enterprising, unique and innovative, relaxed and free cultural atmosphere, positive humanistic mentality and broad-minded social mentality of the Tang Dynasty. ↑,
This kind of porcelain first appeared in the Tang Dynasty and gradually declined in the Song Dynasty. Sporadic artifacts can be seen occasionally in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
It was mainly produced in the Gongian kiln of the Tang Dynasty, the Shouzhou kiln of the Song Dynasty and the Izhou kiln of the Song Dynasty. It has few shapes and is mainly used for daily use, followed by funerary items.
The main types of tire twisters here mainly include bowls, plates, pillows, goblets, small jars, and horse-riding and hunting figurines. The rectangular tire twist pillows are more common.
It can be said that there are all kinds of colors, and it can be seen from this that the owner of this ship at that time specially selected them, so the purchased goods were very complete.
While looking at it, Han Peacock marveled at the neatly arranged twisted porcelain in different categories. It was really pleasing to the eye.
"It seems like there are some knowledgeable people among this group of people!" Han Peacock couldn't help but sigh as he looked at the works that represented the pinnacle of his craftsmanship at that time.
Although there are not many porcelains displayed individually, each one is the pinnacle of this type.
Looking through the information on the table and comparing it with the porcelain on the shelf, Han Peacock looked at it and admired it.
"Huh? Is this the manufacturing process of tire-twisting porcelain?" Han Peacock looked at a notebook in shock, which clearly recorded the manufacturing process of tire-twisting porcelain.
Twisted porcelain is a special variety in ancient Chinese ceramic decoration craftsmanship. Due to the complex craftsmanship and difficulty in production, its products and output are limited to a large extent.
It was invented and created by the kiln workers of Gongyi Kiln and Dangyangyu Kiln in my country. It is a magical flower in the world's ceramic forest.
According to the analysis of the archaeological data currently available, the tire-twisting technology was first produced in the Tang Dynasty, flourished and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty, and gradually declined after the Yuan Dynasty.
Although a few scholars have made preliminary discussions on the origin, technique, place of production, and periodization of the tire twister, the specialized research on the tire twister is basically at a standstill.
The lack of physical data limits the development and depth of research.
"Is it because of these twisted porcelain that this group of people had the opportunity to conduct in-depth research?" Han Peacock began to carefully examine some of the information contained there. Maybe he could gain something.
After watching it for a while, Han Peacock also got some understanding of twisted tire porcelain. The so-called twisted tire is two kinds of tire mud with different shades, twisted together alternately. Then the blank is molded to produce filament-like patterns of varying thicknesses.
There are three colors of black, white and brown on the tire to resemble wood grain, and then a transparent glaze is applied.
There are very high technical requirements during production, and the expansion coefficients of several types of mud must be consistent to ensure that they do not deform or crack during drying and refining.
Through the verification of physical data, the tire twisting section and the formation of tire patterns were analyzed. In terms of tire twisting technology, Han Kongque believed that the tire twisting process is divided into three types, namely the whole-body twisting type, the main twisting type and the partial twisting type.
The whole-body twisted tire type is a full-body twisted tire, which is integrated into one body. The texture is mostly like wood grain, with smooth lines and many changes.
For example, the yellow-glazed twisted tire tripod plate, the rectangular twisted tire pillow, the Song Dynasty twisted tire jar, the green glazed twisted tire pillow, etc. are all of this type.
The texture of the main body twister type is the same as that of the full-body twister. It is applied to the main part of the object, such as bowls, bowls, and large areas of the abdomen of basins, while the rim or ring foot is made of a single color of gray and white.
Connected to the main body of the tire.
This kind of craftsmanship should have been produced by the Boshan Street Kiln. This notebook has detailed records of these. It clearly records that all the tire twisters unearthed from the Boshan Street Kiln used this inlay technology.
Partial tire twisting type This kind of tire twister adopts the inlay process, that is, the twisted tire part is kneaded into mud strips with regular patterns such as flowers, group flowers, diamonds, etc. The mud strips are then cut into several unit pieces and inlaid in the refined
Porcelain with a partial twisted pattern formed on the surface of the porcelain.
The "Du Family Flower Pillow" and the rounded rectangular flower pillow in the Magic City Museum, the twisted flower pillow of the Lushun Cultural Relics Store, the twisted flower celadon pillow unearthed in Ningbo, and the "Xianping Year of the First Year" of the Henan Museum
The womb flower relic box, etc. are all this type of twisted porcelain.
There are two production methods for the tire twisting process. One is the whole machine casting. This method is rare because the tire mud pattern is difficult to control.
A horse-riding figurine with a twisted fetus was unearthed from the tomb of Prince Yide of the Tang Dynasty. The man and the horse were all twisted fetuses, and this lying sheep is a rare and precious species.
The second is to cut the mud into thin slices and stick them on the outside of the shaped utensils. Or make them into clouds or flowers and stick them on certain parts of the utensils.
The inner and outer walls of the object are twisted from the outside to the inside, and the inside and outside are connected. Therefore, the inner and outer walls have the same twisted pattern.
The process is to overlap and combine the processed clay several times into a billet, then slice it lengthwise, splice it together, and then hand-extrude it into shape. It is definitely not wheel-drawn molding.
For example, in the production of twisted tire pillows, the twisted tire mud is cut into thin slices and applied to the surface of the green tire, and a layer of twisted mud slices is bonded, and the inner layer of the green tire is a plain tire.
The twisted pattern accounts for 1/3 of the thickness of the object's carcass.
The slabs are overlapping and kneaded multiple times, and then cut lengthwise to form porcelain clay slices that are arbitrarily curved, flowing like clouds, and have clear textures. They are used to make twisted porcelain bodies of different shapes. They are first fired in the kiln to produce authentic products.
After applying a layer of transparent glaze, it is fired in the kiln to about 800c~1100c. This firing process is consistent with the conclusion inferred in "History of Chinese Ceramics".
In the Tang Dynasty, although the porcelain clay and glazes for making twisted-body wares were rich and low-cost, due to the difficulty of production, high technical requirements, complicated process, labor-intensive and time-consuming, the output of twisted-body and twisted-glazed porcelain was very small and has been preserved.
of less.
Therefore, every complete piece of Tang Dynasty twisted porcelain is worth a lot of money. In recent years, twisted pillows, bowls, plates and other utensils often appear at major auctions, and their prices are hundreds of thousands of yuan.
Millions of dollars.
Therefore, there are more and more fake tire twisters.
"I'm sorry, so many of these twisted porcelains are fake?" Seeing this, Han Peacock was also a little dumbfounded.
He was so shocked just now that he completely forgot that twisted-body porcelain was considered a rarity in the Tang Dynasty. How could hundreds of thousands of them be purchased by a foreign businessman.
Now after reading this note, Han Kongque discovered that this group of shipwreck pirates was really powerful. They included both archaeologists and craftsmen. Many of the porcelains in them were patched together with broken porcelain.
After they discovered the sunken ship at that time, the sunken ship was well preserved, but the porcelain inside inevitably suffered great damage.
It was while repairing this batch of porcelain that they discovered the manufacturing process of twisted porcelain.
Han Peacock found a sealed gold dressing box, which contained a complete set of twisted porcelain production techniques. It was the technical information purchased by the Arab businessman at that time by bribing officials of the Tang Dynasty.
It's just that he was unlucky. His ship sank before he could bring this information back to his hometown.
Although not all the porcelain here is authentic, Han Peacock is even more interested.
Things are always more valuable when they are scarce, and the less of them does not mean that the value of these treasures is reduced, not to mention that there is a manufacturing process for twisted porcelain here.
Looking at the tire-twisting bowls placed together, it was really difficult to tell the authenticity. For a moment, Han Peacock couldn't tell the difference between the genuine article and the imitation.
However, Han Peacock likes this kind of challenge the most.
After carefully studying the technical information, Han Peacock picked up a tire-twisting bowl. This one should be a fake.
Just by looking at the tire glaze, Han Peacock can tell that they are inseparable. The tire of twisted tire porcelain is bone and the glaze is clothing. The carcass of the authentic twisted tire has a deep and natural shape, the thickness of the tire wall is uniform, natural and vivid, ever-changing, and extremely fluid.
powerful.
The utensils are generally glazed with yellow transparent glaze, and the glaze surface is thick and crystal clear.
The ring foot or bowl bottom of twisted-body porcelain is often exposed and unglazed.
Some items were not glazed to the bottom, causing the lower half of the item to be seriously exposed.
Glaze is the outer layer of ceramics. The glaze layer of the genuine twisted tire is thin and light yellow. There is no glaze at the bottom of the tire, and there is a glaze hanging phenomenon. There is soil overflowing at the opening, and the surface of the glaze layer has a natural luster.
The yellow glaze is golden in color, magnificent and magnificent; the green glaze is refreshing and pleasing to the eye, with a gentle and tranquil beauty.
However, people in the Tang Dynasty valued gold vessels at that time, so it was common to twist the body and apply yellow glaze, while green glaze was rare, and other glaze colors were not seen. This was due to fashion.
However, from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, yellow became the most strictly controlled glaze color in the palace. Only the royal family could use it and private production was not allowed. This fact shows that the Tang people were very forward-thinking.
Some twisted carcasses also have a green glaze applied around the mouth, which is consistent with the characteristics of other kiln-mouth porcelain carcasses in the Tang Dynasty. There is no glaze to expose the carcass, because the authentic products use kaolin as the carcass, with fine texture and white color.
Depending on the firing temperature, the porcelain clay color is "brown-red or light brown" and "tooth-white or light yellow" respectively. The porcelain clay is rough and hard, white with pink in it.
However, when most of the authentic twisted-body porcelains of the Tang Dynasty are struck by hand, the pronunciation of the carcass is low and dull, the feel is moderate, the pieces open naturally, and the slight upturn is due to the age of the underground remains.
The shape of the fake twisted tire is too regular. The tire wall is either thinner or thicker than the real thing. It is either too light or too heavy. The unglazed exposed tire has extremely unnatural coloring. The two colors of porcelain clay are "brown" and "brown" respectively.
"Pure white" color, the quality of the carcass is too fine, and when the carcass is tapped by hand, the sound is crisp, which is due to the short storage period.
In fact, the textures of authentic and fake products are also different. The surface texture of authentic twisted pottery is natural and vivid, ever-changing, and has a strong sense of flow.
The surface texture of the imitations of twisted pottery is rigid and rigid, with no sense of change. Even those with a high level of imitation have prominent texture stagnation, unclear and unsmooth lines, and messy glaze colors that are too uniform.
There is also water absorption. Use a cotton swab dipped in water to smear the carcass or fetal bone cross section to compare the water absorption of the object. The tire material of the authentic Tang Jiaotai pottery has been carefully washed, and the clay particles are fine and dense, so the water absorption rate is not very high.