The first thousand six hundred and fifty-four chapters elbow each other
"Uh! You mean, they have no way of nomadic life at all?" Huangshan's reaction was still as quick as ever, but he just didn't want to, and he didn't want to use his brain.
"In recent decades, the desertification of the grassland here has been serious. In addition, mining has been carried out in various places. Minerals have naturally encroached on the grassland. The number of herdsmen here shows how much grassland has been occupied." Han Kongque said.
"The area of Outer Mongolia is not small." Huangshan still didn't believe it.
Han Kongque said: "It's not small, but you haven't seen how much desertification there is now? Also, this is not a country, this is private ownership, and many grasslands are owned by owners. Where can people graze freely? In
Here, if you invade someone else's pasture, you can't complain even if you are hacked to death."
"The main reason is the desertification of grassland caused by overgrazing." Mu Ling also said.
According to statistics from relevant departments in Outer Mongolia, in the past 40 years, 425% of Outer Mongolia's land area has been desertified to varying degrees, and it is growing at an annual rate of 13%.
In many places in Outer Mongolia, it is difficult to see oases even in summer. Forests have been greatly reduced, grassland vegetation has been destroyed, rainfall and snowfall have decreased, and the land has become desertified. All of this has been reflected in the Outer Mongolian media.
However, Outer Mongolia is faced with many economic difficulties and is currently unable to control ecological and environmental desertification.
If there has been a change, then it is from the end of the 20th century to the present that Outer Mongolians, who had just gained some money, began to engage in greening. In this way, the green ecological barrier reappeared on the land of Outer Mongolia.
From 1998 to 2003, the forest area of Outer Mongolia increased from 2.8 billion acres to 3.2 billion acres, and the forest coverage rate increased from 148% to 175%. The average annual increase in forest coverage rate was 0.56%, which was ten times that of the 1980s.
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Since 1998, eight major ecological construction projects have been implemented here, including comprehensive management of water and soil in the ecological environment, restoration of farmland to forest, conversion of grazing land to grassland, and protection of natural forest resources. The total investment by 2010 reached 12 billion yuan.
We continue to take measures to protect the current vegetation in the sandy area, strictly prohibit indiscriminate logging, mining and excavation, and make rational use of grassland. At this time, the ecology of our country has improved significantly.
However, it is easy to destroy but difficult to build. It took more than ten years and tens of billions to completely restore the ecological environment here, which is obviously impossible.
Therefore, half of the population in Outer Mongolia can still graze, while the other half can only gather in the capital and eke out a living.
Carloads of supplies were exchanged for groups of people. Seeing more and more vehicles, Zhou Chengyun was a little dumbfounded.
"Where did you get so many supplies?" After staying in Outer Mongolia for a few days, Zhou Chengyun knew that although it could not be said that there was a shortage of supplies here, there were not many light industrial products. Now, where did Han Peacock get so many?
Living supplies?
Han Peacock chuckled twice and said: "It's shipped from China. Don't you know that the domestic small commodity wholesale market controls the entire small supermarket in Outer Mongolia?"
"Of course I know this, but with so many things brought in at once, wouldn't some people's hearts be broken again?" Zhou Chengyun also laughed.
Han Kongque said: "The elite know too much, think too clearly, and see too clearly, so they are naturally sad. Also, seeing that their decades of hard work are about to disappear, there must be many people like Jing who shed tears.
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There is nothing we can do about this. Outer Mongolia is a landlocked country, and in terms of national habits, they do not have the custom of producing by themselves, so they basically rely on foreign countries for supplies.
Since they broke away from China and split, they are still mainly engaged in animal husbandry, their industrial base is very weak, they are still under the absolute control of Russian debt or foreign capital, and their economic development is extremely slow.
After more than 50 years of economic construction, Outer Mongolia has developed into an important livestock products, energy, and raw material base in northern China, and is becoming an important part of China's cross-century energy industry strategic base.
Relying on their energy and mineral advantages, they have rapidly developed steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, chemicals and other raw material industries, and have gained huge development potential.
The domestic development of the western region will further leverage Outer Mongolia's existing advantages, accelerate the process of industrial structure adjustment and optimization, and create new advantages for economic development, making Outer Mongolia an important fulcrum for China's economic growth in the 21st century.
Many people have seen this, but cannot change it. Therefore, many Outer Mongolians are now dissatisfied with China because they have seen the truth clearly. If China closes its borders, they will starve to death.
Therefore, when China developed its western region and needed minerals from Outer Mongolia, the Outer Mongolians were happy because they had the ability to threaten the Chinese.
However, the Chinese are not stupid! Therefore, a series of changes occurred later, and in the end it was the small country and the people who suffered the loss.
It may be the coal mines that attract these foreigners to the Gobi, but coal is only part of the resources buried underground in this country that are yet to be developed.
This country of herdsmen now knows its advantages, so they have begun to tirelessly exploit these resources.
Outer Mongolia not only has huge coal resources that can meet China's needs for the next 50 years, but is also rich in copper, gold, uranium and other mineral resources that are scarce in the world.
However, although Outer Mongolia is blessed with unique geological conditions, its geographical conditions are extremely unfavorable.
Sandwiched between China and Russia, this landlocked country faces a dilemma for its more than 3 million citizens: every road to prosperity passes through the territories of its neighbors.
Moscow and Beijing both want Outer Mongolia to pay a high price for this transit convenience.
This problem is even more obvious in the Tabunt Tolgoi coal mine project. Oyu Tolgoi means "turquoise mountain" in Mongolian and is located in Khanbaged County, South Gobi Province, Outer Mongolia. Preliminary exploration
Mining copper reserves are 31.1 million tons, gold reserves are 1,328 tons, and silver reserves are 7,600 tons.
It was put into production in 2013 and is expected to be mined for 50 years. The output of copper concentrate (above ground part) of the Oyu Tolgoi project has reached 1 million tons, less than two years after the first production.
It also contains the world's largest untapped coal resources and is only 225 kilometers away from the Chinese border.
Ordinarily, the most practical way is to develop it only with China. Anyway, almost all the coal will eventually be sold there.
But Outer Mongolia has other plans. Fearing that China will gain excessive political influence, the Outer Mongolian government has been wavering over who will develop this coal mine with estimated reserves of 900 million tons for several years.
Most of the high-quality coke resources necessary for steelmaking are buried here. The two major bidders are Chinese state-owned enterprises and a multinational mining giant located in St. Louis state in the United States.
In addition, there are joint consortiums from Russia and Outer Mongolia, as well as companies from Japan and South Korea.
As Outer Mongolia's long-standing major donor and diplomatic ally, U.S. energy companies have worked hard to secure mining rights.
Now, the future relationship between Outer Mongolia and the United States depends to a large extent on the final outcome of this transaction.
However, seeing the government's calculations, China also began to exert increasing diplomatic pressure.
The battle for resources highlights the antagonism between Washington and Beijing as they seek influence in Asia.
However, that is not all. Outer Mongolia still has a chaotic democratic system. It is estimated that in the recent parliamentary elections, it will be turned upside down. This will also affect the efforts to reach an international mining agreement in Tavan Tolgoi.
Made a mess.
In fact, a consultant from Outer Mongolia said it right. They are a small country sandwiched between two elephants. It is impossible for them to go to war, so they can only ensure economic growth through diplomatic means.
However, this approach is difficult to win support from recalcitrant nationalists.
In the more than 20 years since Outer Mongolia broke away from Soviet control, nationalists have become increasingly powerful.
They complain all day long, saying that every transaction between the government and world powers or multinational companies is stained with traces of corruption.
The media in Outer Mongolia always report the terrible news about the grassland being polluted by mining, and the stories of herdsmen abandoning their livestock to work in the mines.
The reason why so many people oppose it is because most Outer Mongolians have not received much of the wealth generated from underground mining.
This is why Outer Mongolians are most angry when foreign companies own their country's mineral resources.
Many Outer Mongolians are still dissatisfied with a 2009 agreement that gave 66% of Oyu Tolgoi's shares to Canada's Ivanhoe Mines.
Therefore, if you want to open a mine in Outer Mongolia, the best way is to search for the mineral deposits yourself. After you find it, you can tie more Outer Mongolians to the chariot, so that the project can proceed smoothly.
This is what Han Kongque is doing now. Because he is Chinese, he will be restricted by some Outer Mongolians. However, relatively speaking, because he is Chinese, any project can be developed without much difficulty.
As for foreigners, it's difficult, because no matter how much ore they dig out, it has to go through China and Russia before it can be transported away. Without the permission of these two countries, they can't even take away a piece of garbage.
Therefore, no matter how much the Outer Mongolians try, they cannot escape the hands of China and Russia, and this is especially true for the Oyu Tolgoi project, which is closer to China.
Oyu Tolgoi has the world's largest unexploited copper and gold mines, but it is in the hands of the Ivanhoe Group, a majority stake of which belongs to Australia's Rio Tinto.
Therefore, this project was a bit difficult to come by. It was planned for six years. After two years of intense negotiations, Rio Tinto Group reached an agreement with the Outer Mongolian government to build a US$5.4 billion Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine.