Paintings and copybooks were sorted out. These works were by Wan Yanliang, Wan Yan Yungong, Wang Tingyun, Wang Bangji, Xu Rongzhi, Du Qi, Wu Yuanzhi, Li Shan, Wang Jing, Dang Huaiying, Zhao Feng, Mi
Fu, Wu Ji, Ren Xun and others.
Perhaps some of these people are not famous in history and are unknown to ordinary people, but anyone who likes ancient calligraphy and painting should know about these heroes of the moment.
Wanyan Liang of the Jin Dynasty was good at painting bamboo, Wanyan Yungong was good at painting deer and deer figures, Wang Tingyun was good at landscape ink painting on bamboo, Wang Bangji was good at painting figures, Xu Rongzhi was good at painting flowers and birds, and Du Qi was good at painting pommel horses.
The landscape, bamboo and stone paintings by Wu Yuanzhi, Li Shan and Wang Tingyun seem to show more "literary" tastes than the works of the Southern Song Academy painters at the same time.
The calligraphers of the Jin Dynasty learned calligraphy from the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jin Zhangzong learned the thin gold style of Huizong of the Song Dynasty, which was very successful.
Wang Jing was good at cursive official script and especially fine calligraphy. The titles of palace lists in both capitals were all written by Jing.
Dang Huaiying was good at seal script and was favored by scholars.
Zhao Feng is good at regular, running, and cursive scripts, and is also good at small seal script. He has both formal script style and Yan Su style. His calligraphy and painting are majestic, and he is better than Shi Manqing.
, Zhao”.
Wu Ji learned the writing style of his father-in-law Mi Fu. Wang Tingyun was the most accomplished among those who studied Mi Fu at that time, and his calligraphy was unmatched by those in Congzishan in the early Yuan Dynasty.
Ren Xun had many talents, and his calligraphy was the best at that time. "Zhongzhou Collection" said of him: "Painting is higher than calligraphy, calligraphy is higher than poetry, and poetry is higher than literature.".
It can be said that the calligraphy and painting here is definitely a collection of calligraphy and painting from the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties.
After sorting out these calligraphy and paintings, the next thing is some Song Dynasty books, including the Quanzhen Sect Ancestor Stele, the Tao Jing Jing Sutra, the Prajna Heart Sutra and the Filial Piety Sutra. Han Peacock was surprised to find the Tao Te Ching here.
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However, the "Prajna Heart Sutra" is a Buddhist scripture, and the "Filial Piety Sutra" is a treasure that Confucians admire. The three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism all appear here. It must be said that the culture of the Jin Kingdom is inclusive of all things.
In fact, religion is a tool to govern human thought, and most of the Jin Dynasty religions advocated obedience and patience, which was mainly related to the Han people and foreign rulers in the north.
Both Buddhism and Taoism in the Jin Dynasty advocated the integration of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism based on this doctrine. For example, Wan Song Xingxiu and Li Chunfu were highly accomplished in the theoretical development of Buddhism.
Wang Zhe, the founder of the Quanzhen Religion, would always name the three religions whenever he established an association. Wan Yanxian's "Quanzhen Religion Ancestor Stele" said: "It shows that it is bright and wonderful, peaceful and harmonious, and it does not stand alone as a sect."
Starting from the idea of the unity of the three religions, Wang Zhe advised people to recite Taoist, Buddhist and Confucian classics such as the "Tao De Jing Jing Sutra", "Prajna Heart Sutra" and "Filial Piety Sutra".
Buddhism has been spread as early as the Jurchen period. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, it was influenced by Buddhism in the Central Plains and the belief in Buddhism further developed.
Buddhism such as Huayan, Zen, Jing, Esoteric Buddhism, and Discipline have all developed considerably.
Among them, Zen Buddhism was particularly popular, which can be said to have been completely influenced by Buddhism in the Northern Song Dynasty. It had an important impact on the social economy, politics, culture and customs of the Jin Dynasty.
After the Jurchen people occupied the Central Plains, a large number of works also appeared, such as "Showing the Public and Cantonese", "You Fang Survey", "Ode to the Ancients", "Hundred Principles of Ode to the Ancients", "Congrong Lu" and other classics.
Later, Han Kongque discovered many medical books, Taoist scriptures, agricultural books and calendars.
These are very rare cultural treasures, and they are all rare things.
Through these Song-printed books, it is easy for people to understand the achievements of the Jin Kingdom in religion, culture, medicine, agricultural technology and calendar.
In terms of religion, both Buddhism and Taoism were very prosperous at that time. At that time, Dao Xun inherited Jing Ru's teachings in Lingyan Temple and wrote articles such as "Discussing the Public", "Explanation of Travels", and "Ode to the Ancients". .
In Bianliang, Buddhism spread the Dharma, and Yuan Xing, a disciple of the Dharma, was invited to preside over Tanzheshan Temple in Yanjing. He vigorously revived Zen Buddhism and wrote three collections of quotations.
Wan Songxingxiu was a famous Zen master in the Jin Dynasty. He taught Zen in the Qingyuan line of Caodong. He was succeeded by Zen master Xueyanman of Daming Temple in Cizhou. Although he studied Zen, he always devoted himself to Huayan.
He once commented and sang Tiantong's "Hundred Ancient Psalms" at Congrong Temple and wrote "Congrong Lu", which is a masterpiece of Zen.
He had the idea of integrating the three religions, and often advised Yelv Chucai, an important minister at that time, to govern the country with Confucianism and to govern the mind with Buddhism. He was highly praised by Chucai, saying that he "had the blood of Caodong, the skill of Yunmen, and prepared for Lin". "The sharp edge of economic development" was immediately praised by the public.
From Taoism to the Jin Dynasty, there were three emerging Taoist sects: Quanzhen Sect, Daoist Sect and Taiyi Sect.
The founder of Quanzhen Sect was Wang Zhe, who founded Quanzhen Sect in 1167 and was later succeeded by his seven disciples in turn.
In addition to inheriting traditional Chinese Taoist thoughts, Quanzhen Religion also rearranged contents other than thoughts on talismans and elixirs, laying the foundation for today's Taoism.
The founder of Taoism was Liu Deren in the early Jin Dynasty. He began to preach in 1142. He advocated "keeping the Qi and nourishing the spirit", advocating self-reliance, thinking less and having few desires, not talking about ascension and refining, immortality, and incorporated Confucianism into his own system. In addition, , Taoism has a system of becoming a monk. This is not only true for Buddhism, Taoism also has this tradition.
Xiao Baozhen, the founder of the Taiyi Sect, was founded in 1138. It mainly focuses on the talisman Taoist method, but also has the method of internal refining to protect the weak. It respects Taiyi. The Taiyi Sect imitates the esoteric principles of the Tianshi Tao. Each generation of leader must change his surname to "Xiao". "The purpose of the establishment of the religion is to "save people from suffering" and respect human ethics.
The Jurchens believe in shamanism, which is a primitive religion that includes nature worship, totems, animism, ancestor worship, witchcraft and other beliefs.
Shamans are the intermediaries between people and gods. Shamans participate in major ceremonies, events and festivals, or are presided over by them. They can eliminate disasters and cure diseases, provide children for people, curse others to cause disasters, etc. All have become part of the shaman’s activities.
In addition to the religion that governs people's thoughts, the Jin Kingdom also developed science and technology, especially in medicine, which produced many schools of thought with different innovative theories and debates, which had a great influence on the medicine of the Yuan Dynasty and later generations.
Northern agricultural technology has developed rapidly on the basis of relatively backwardness; in mathematics, Tianyuan Shu was developed during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties; in astronomy and calendar, the Ming Dynasty was revised to make it more accurate; in addition, there was also great development in architecture, including the construction of Marco Polo Bridge, Jinzhongdu, Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi and other buildings.
Among them, medical technology has developed the fastest. Perhaps it is because from the Jingkang Revolution to the Mongolian period, due to frequent wars and tyranny, coupled with frequent natural disasters, people lived in poverty and diseases were prevalent, so medicine was very important. Active, it is called the emergence of new learning.
The suffering of the people and the turmoil of the country have stimulated the activity of medicine, which may also be a kind of sadness.
However, medical development is better than no development. During the Jin Dynasty, medicine developed Liu Wansu's Fierce Theory, Zhang Congzheng's Attacking Evil Theory and Li Dongyuan's Spleen and Stomach Theory.
Due to the rich practice, many doctors have studied in depth ancient medical classics and combined their clinical experiences to formulate their own theories to explain the theories of their predecessors, gradually forming different schools.
Liu Wansu founded the Hejian School, Zhang Yuansu founded the Yishui School, and Zhang Yuansu's disciple Li Dongyuan created his own theory of spleen and stomach. These three schools, together with Zhu Zhenheng's theory of nourishing yin in the Yuan Dynasty, are collectively known as the four major schools of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. They have great influence on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
development has had an important impact.
Of course, in addition to medicine, the Jin Dynasty also made achievements in agriculture, calendaring and music. The Jin Dynasty absorbed the agricultural technology of the Northern Song Dynasty, which increased the agricultural output in the Jinshangjing area in Northeast China.
Today, archaeologists are still excavating many iron farm tools such as plowshares and seed gours used in the Jin Dynasty in what is now Northeast China. At that time, sericulture and gardening techniques were also very developed, such as using "cow dung-covered sheds" to plant watermelons in colder climates.
North-east area.
At that time, the famous agricultural books in the Jin Dynasty, Xixia and other regions included "Wuben New Book", "Scholars and Farmers Must Use" and other agricultural books. These had been lost before Han Peacock entered this tomb, but now, they have been brought to light again.
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There are no accidents in history, only necessity. For example, the Jin Kingdom was strong for a hundred or two hundred years, and it was not without reasons. For example, the "Measuring the Circle Sea Mirror" and "Yi Gu Yan Duan" that Han Kongque is holding now are mathematical works.
In ancient times, only a fully developed nation could be strong and prosperous. If coupled with force, it would be enough to rule the world.
Although the Jin Kingdom was founded by Jurchens, and although it was very barbaric, their mathematical achievements were not low. The most important progress in mathematics at that time was the development of Tianyuan Art.
Tianyuan Shu is the ancient Chinese method of establishing higher-order equations, in which "Tianyuan" is equivalent to the unknown number.
In 1248, Li Ye, a mathematician during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, systematically introduced the use of Tianyuan techniques to establish quadratic equations in his works "Measuring the Circle and the Sea Mirror" and "Yi Gu Yan Duan".
As mathematics develops, the calendar will definitely develop with it, and if the calendar is studied thoroughly, agriculture will naturally follow suit.
At that time, the Jin Dynasty learned from the Northern Song Dynasty and established Si Tianjian to observe astronomy. Because mathematics at that time was also very developed, Jin Dynasty scholars were enthusiastic about writing almanacs.
In 1137, the Jin Dynasty promulgated the "Da Ming Calendar" compiled by Yang Ji (different from Zu Chongzhi's "Da Ming Calendar").
Then Zhao Zhiwei compiled the more accurate Daming Calendar in 1180, which was more accurate than the Song Dynasty's superior calendar, the Jiyuan Calendar.
At the same time, Yelu Lu also compiled "Yiwei Li" and "Reconstruction of the Daming Calendar".
After sorting out the calendar, some of the following books are about music, such as "The Romance of the West Chamber" and "Liu Zhiyuan", which are operas.
In terms of opera, Zhugong Diao, which was popular in the Northern Song Dynasty, became the main rap variety in the Jin Dynasty.
At that time, only Dong Jieyuan's "Record of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" and "Liu Zhiyuan" have been handed down to this day. Among them, the appearance of "Record of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" has the significance of the initial formation of Yuan opera.
Therefore, Yuan opera must have developed on the basis of the operas of the two unlucky countries of Song and Jin. Otherwise, they could have developed extremely brilliant Yuan opera simply by relying on the Mongols on horseback? (~^