"The Stone Age began about 2.5 million years ago and ranged from more than 7,000 to more than 2,000 years ago."
"From monkeys, we have learned to throw stones, to apes, we have begun to use stone axes."
"The Bronze Age first began with the Mesopotamian civilization in the 4th century BC."
"The earliest bronze artifact unearthed in China is a bronze knife from the Majiayao culture in Gansu. It was around 2800 BC. I'm not very good at history, so it must have been in the early Shang Dynasty, right?"
"In ancient Egypt, bronze vessels appeared during the Second Dynasty and entered the Bronze Age."
"At the same time, there was also the Aegean civilization."
"After that, there is the Iron Age to this day."
"The earliest use of iron tools was in ancient Egypt and Sumer. There was already a very small amount of use in 4000 BC, but iron was mostly obtained from meteorites rather than extracted from iron ores, so the price is more expensive than gold.
Many times."
"Until about 3000 BC to 2000 BC, iron was increasingly extracted from meteorite ores in Asia Minor, Egypt and Mesopotamia."
"In China, five iron-edged copper axes from the Shang Dynasty in the 14th century BC have also been unearthed. We call them 'Sky Stones'."
"The real earliest mass production and application of iron should be the Hittite Empire, which mastered iron smelting technology around 1400 BC. By 1200 BC, iron had been widely used in the Middle East, but it did not replace bronze."
"From the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and now to the Iron Age, it took mankind millions of years. This is the progress of civilization and the progress of mankind."
"This is the famous three-phase theory, which divides the development of human civilization into three stages through materials."
In Bi Fang's description, the audience seems to have seen the piles of burning charcoal fires and the black ores fed into the furnaces under the long river of history. Under the high-temperature calcining, they turned into dazzling red molten iron, rolling and pouring.
vent.
[We are the only one left among the four ancient countries, I am proud!]
[Now that Lao Fang understands history, he covers his face and takes his style to a new level]
[The progress of human civilization may seem complicated, but it is actually the change of materials]
【China, awesome!】
Many foreign netizens also expressed praise.
Since the discovery of iron, people have begun to mix it with different ingredients, use different temperature processes to change its properties, and use different processes to achieve different microstructures.
This black metal, which seems to have unlimited potential, has become the most important pillar supporting the industrial civilization of the entire planet.
Now, Bi Fang will cross millions of years of history and refine this wireless black metal in the most primitive wilderness.
[If human civilization is lost, Boss Fang’s live broadcast should be preserved]
[Maybe we can restart a civilization]
【Cowhide】
Seeing such comments, Bi Fang joked, holding clay in his hand: "I am now standing on the shoulders of giants. I have enough knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, and the environment to achieve such a goal. It may seem like a wilderness, but in fact
It is the overall embodiment of human civilization.”
After laying the bottom layer with clay, Bifang applied more clay around it, making the whole thing look like a toilet.
It was surrounded by clay, leaving only a hole of nearly four square decimeters.
When it was pushed up to the level of the ground, Bifang made an additional protruding U-shaped opening and said: "This is the chimney mouth, and the gas exchange will depend on it later."
A passageway was made, and the whole thing looked more like a toilet.
Not far away, the water monitor lizard returned to the cave and poked its head out again, seemingly wondering what the tall creature in front of it was doing.
In its mind, hunting, eating, resting, and reproducing are the meaning of life.
The confused water monitor scratched its skin with its claws, thinking about going to the pier at noon... to the puddle to catch a fish.
【Like, really similar】
[Okay, now our aqua toilet is completed, come and give it a try]
[Pull and cook at the same time]
[Everyone else washes with water, but Boss Fang has a drying function. Boss Fang is just extraordinary]
Bi Fang laughed and said, "I can't help it. The shape of the current stove is really subtle."
Looking from top to bottom, it does look a bit like a toilet, in a squatting style, but there is a square fire vent in the front.
After it was done, Bi Fang rolled the clay into thin rectangular strips, baked them over fire, dried them slightly and hardened, and then placed them inside the stove.
There is a slightly protruding platform at the bottom, which is reserved and can just be put on.
"This is a furnace bridge. In the past, when coal was burned, there was something called a furnace bridge inside the coal stove. At that time, there was a saying that "the fire must be hollow," which means that when coal burns, it needs oxygen."
"If the coal is really crowded together and there is no oxygen, the coal cannot burn. The coal needs to be elevated to facilitate air circulation and help combustion, and this task must be completed by the furnace bridge."
"The furnace bridge is generally made of pig iron, like an iron fence. It is placed in the middle of the furnace, with coal placed on top, and a furnace door below. You can open and close the furnace door to adjust the firepower. We don't have this function here, it is just to facilitate air flow.
Circulating.”
After building the furnace bridge, Bi Fang worked non-stop to break off small branches, spread them on the "toilet", and then covered them with clay again.
"This is the vent. We can't let the clay block it. We can lay a layer of branches to fix it and prevent it from collapsing. It will be set after it dries. There is no need to remove the branches, as they will be burned to ashes."
[There is a saying that this furnace is more advanced than when the country was advanced.]
[High-temperature toilet: You can only go to the toilet within a certain time, otherwise there is a risk of your butt being cooked.]
[Capitalist: Install it in my company! Replace it all with this!]
[Impossible, is there no charge for fuel? Or is it more reasonable to deduct fees for tilting toilets and timed toilets?]
The section on the square paste just separates the fire vent and the "toilet". Then, according to the size of the fire vent, use clay to make a stone slab.
"The size of the stone slab should be larger than the fire vent to insulate the heat."
After finishing the slate and letting it dry and harden naturally, Bi Fang patted his black and gray palms and breathed a sigh of relief: "Okay, we've been working on this all morning. Let's have a meal at noon and go to the river to pick up some clay. Let's
Keep making chimneys and charcoal.”
Back in the shelter, Bi Fang came to the puddle and was about to catch fish, but found that the only two fish left had disappeared.
Looking at the soil slope not far away, a fish bone was spit out not far away.
Bi Fang: "..."
...
At noon, Bi Fang came to the stream again. After harvesting three big fish, he strengthened the fishing ground again, expanded the area, and put the rotten fish entrails into it. At the same time, he also built another fish farm farther downstream.
A fishing ground.
"Originally, two or three big fish and four or five small fish were enough for a fishing ground every day, but now that I have a thief neighbor, one fishing ground is not enough, so now I want to build another one, two distances apart.
It should be further away, preferably more than 200 meters."
"Now let's dig some more clay, fill it with some water, and harvest some sugar cane and Houttuynia cordata."
The benefits of returning to the camp are now apparent. Not only is there a stable supply of vegetables, but there is also a fixed supply of sweet fruits. Although not too sweet, they are also rare and delicious.
Bi Fang shoveled the clay into the frame and went back and forth three times to fill the pit. He also lit firewood in the semi-finished fire pit to speed up drying.
As a result, I was surprised to find a paw print on the clay nearby...
[Hahaha, I can’t do it anymore, I’m going to die laughing]
[I can’t fight it, and it’s hard to catch it. What can I do? I can only keep it]
[This is the first time I encountered a problem that even Lao Fang couldn’t solve.]
Bi Fang rubbed his temples. He originally wanted to pour some water and boil it here for disinfection, but now it seems he can't leave.
He didn't want to drink the water that the water monitor had drunk.
It's still not long since I left. If I had left for a longer time, wouldn't the dove's nest still be occupied by sparrows?
[Lao Fang: Do you dare to steal my territory? 】
[Water Monitor: You were the one who grabbed mine first! 】
The audience started laughing madly.
Bi Fang shook his head, cleaned the fish, mixed it with Houttuynia cordata and had a meal. Then he took a large amount of firewood and came to another open space.
"If we want to make iron, we have a blast furnace, but wood burning alone is completely insufficient. We must have a lot of charcoal."
[To be honest, I don’t quite understand the difference...]
[Isn’t charcoal made from wood? Burning charcoal has a higher temperature than burning wood?]
【Knowledge Blind Area】
[A piece of physical and chemical knowledge, actually]
"It is indeed a piece of physical and chemical knowledge, but it is too complicated to explain it that way. It requires a lot of equations to explain, so I will explain it simply."
Bi Fang rebuilt a suitable small building out of clay on the ground.
"Charcoal is a wood processing product, but it is not burned in an ordinary furnace. It is a processed product that can only appear in a high temperature and oxygen-poor environment.
At this time, all the moisture in the wood has evaporated, and its structure has also changed. The interior will have a honeycomb structure, which is easier to ignite, has higher combustion efficiency, and produces less smoke."
"Then the honeycomb structure is burned to produce a more violent combustion reaction and reach a higher temperature."
[I want to see a complicated explanation, funny]
"For a complicated explanation, if we take 'cellulose', the main chemical component of wood, as the object of investigation, the basic component of glucose is 'carbohydrates'."
"To compare glucose with charcoal, we use '1 mol of C6H12O6' to compare with the carbon element containing 6 mol of carbon atoms."
"Then, the 6 water in 'C6H12O6' will still be water after combustion and will not generate much heat. In other words, the combustion heat is mainly contributed by the 6 carbon atoms.
In this way, the combustion heat of wood and charcoal will not be much different. You can check the chemistry manual to see what the difference is in the combustion heat of the two."
[The heat of combustion of glucose is 2800kj/mol, while the heat of combustion of an equivalent amount of C is 2361kj/mol. Sorry, the difference is really not very big.]
Bi Fang smiled: "So, when wood is burned, it produces 6 carbon dioxide molecules, and at the same time, it also produces 6 more water molecules that also need to be heated."
"But! After burning charcoal, there are only CO2 molecules!"
"With charcoal, you don't have to worry about which water molecules are being heated. After charcoal is burned, the types of substances and the number of molecules that need to be heated are smaller."
"This is the most fundamental reason why the maximum burning temperature of charcoal is higher than that of wood!"
The rumen of cattle is the largest of the four stomachs, with a volume of 130 liters.
Sacrifice a new book in the hope that additional subscriptions will increase and attract his luck.