Ancient Egypt has a clear historical date of 664 BC.
Manetho in the third century BC divided the history of Egypt from the unification of Menes to the conquest of Alexander of Macedon into thirty dynasties. On this basis, later generations divided the history of ancient Egypt into nine periods.
The first is the Predynastic period, from about 4000 to 3100 BC.
The second is the Early Dynasty period, about 3100 BC to 2686 BC. During the 1st and 2nd Dynasties, the first pharaoh Menes appeared who unified Upper and Lower Egypt.
Of course, this is the most widely circulated guess. The history is too long, and there are not enough historical documents to prove that Menes was the first pharaoh who unified Upper and Lower Egypt. In the study of Egyptian history, Narmer and Ahab
, The Scorpion King, all have the possibility of unifying Upper and Lower Egypt for the first time.
The third is the Old Kingdom period, about 2686 BC to 2181 BC, which was the 3-6 Dynasty. The pyramids appeared at the end of this period. In all periods before this, there was only Mastaba.
After that came the First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom, the Postdynastic Period, and finally the Persians, Macedonians, and Romans.
The 1st to 4th periods are the period when the slave state was formed and the unified dynasty emerged. The 5th to 7th periods are the reconstruction of the unified kingdom and the empire period. The 8th to 9th periods are the decline of the Egyptian slave state and its fall under foreign rule.
next period.
But these are not the point. The point is that the pyramids only appeared during the Old Kingdom in the third period.
This means that the ancient corpse in front of everyone has a history of at least more than four thousand years.
Four thousand years!
What an exaggerated figure!
Just standing in front of it, it seems that you can see that thousands of years ago, workers were being made into mummies and transported in.
"The typical burial posture with arms crossed on the chest is imitating the ancient Egyptian Pluto Osiris and is usually used when burying members of the royal family. This shows that this member is most likely a member of the royal family."
Waziri observed the movements of the mummy and made a judgment.
"But this is not surprising. If he were not a noble, he would not have so many burial objects. There are many gold products in them, which shows that he had an extraordinary status during his lifetime."
Waziri pointed with his flashlight at the surrounding murals that had become very dull due to water seepage.
The flashlight penetrated the closed tomb chamber and hit the wall. You can see countless dust flying in the beam of light. Everyone is taking a deep breath, and the dust is flying in waves.
Most of the pictures on the upper wall can be seen clearly, but only a small part can be recognized here.
"The architectural style here can also see the shadow of the palace."
"Menes, the first pharaoh who unified Upper and Lower Egypt, in the tomb of Negada, although the rectangular sacrificial hall is entirely made of bricks, vertical ridges are built on the outer wall to simulate wooden pillars and reed bundles.
There was clearly an intention to replicate the palace of the time."
"This practice evolved from popular housing in Lower Egypt, where forms originally derived from construction techniques acquired aesthetic value."
"Because Menes came from Upper Egypt, he adopted this approach not only for the sake of lightness and magnificence, but also because as the 'King of Lower Egypt' Menes had to unify the architectural culture of Upper and Lower Egypt in the construction of the tomb.
"
Waziri pointed at the square walls around it. It was actually quite wide here, and everyone could stand upright and straighten their backs.
"Mausoleums imitate residential palaces because in the early days, mausoleums were regarded as residences for people after death."
"On the one hand, people can only imagine life after death based on daily life; on the other hand, people can only use the most familiar buildings as a model to explore the shapes and forms of various other buildings."
【So awesome】
【This must be very valuable】
[Don’t you think it’s a little scary?]
[What are you afraid of? This thing has been dead for thousands of years. Will it turn into ashes at the slightest touch? 】
【Not so much】
Bi Fang stepped forward, took a flashlight and turned it on, shining it on Mu Naiyin's body, not even daring to breathe.
Not to mention touching things of this era, it was the first time I saw them, and I was afraid that my breathing might cause any unexpected changes.
The drone also approached quickly, giving the audience a clearer and more detailed perspective.
This mummy was wrapped in an extremely large amount of shroud, covering the entire body thickly, leaving only the head and hands exposed.
And Bi Fang also smelled a very strange smell.
In other words, Bifang has been surrounded by all kinds of strange smells since he entered.
Bi Fang's sense of smell is very sensitive. Outside the desert, there is a smell of earth and sand everywhere. After entering the tomb, there is an extremely strong smell of dampness and mold.
And the further down you go, the stronger the musty and wet smell becomes.
This smell is not pleasant, on the contrary, it is very unpleasant. Bi Fang is tortured all the time, but he has become accustomed to it.
But after the coffin was opened, a stronger smell came out.
It doesn't smell bad.
Before the advent of modern formalin, all the most effective antiseptics were inseparable from one purpose - dehydration.
Just like making ham, remove as much moisture as possible so that it will not go bad after being stored for more than ten years, and the flavor will become more mellow.
The same is true for Muni Yin, but of course it is not cured with salt to make ham, but with various aromatic ingredients.
Because it is dehydrated, there will be no odor caused by putrefaction.
Although the basement is very humid, the coffin still blocks the moisture very well, preventing the person in the coffin from turning into a pile of putrid liquid.
"There are many mysterious methods for making Egyptian mummies, but the basic steps are simple: remove the internal organs, dry the body thoroughly, and wrap the dried body."
"Over the course of about 3,000 years, the specific methods and quality of embalming techniques have changed, but the basic principles have remained the same."
"The production methods of most of the mummies we have discovered so far are inherited. From this, we can also be sure that the antiseptic technology of ancient Egyptian mummies has been continuously improved and matured."
"It is by no means a sudden burst of inspiration. The antiseptic raw materials used are constantly being improved and advanced, reflecting the extraordinary wisdom of a great nation."
"Like now, the head and hands are exposed, which is the early form of mumoyin production. After that, the whole body is wrapped, and no body tissue is exposed."
Waziri explained from the side.
【How about Fang Shen, what does it smell like? 】
【Would it smell bad?】
[I heard that in the past, people from the Yang Kingdom would powder Muna Yin and use it as a health supplement. I heard it could treat impotence]
【Holy shit, is it real or fake?】
Bi Fang shook his head.
"It doesn't stink. On the contrary, if you smell it carefully, there may be a little fragrance."
【Fragrance, real or fake?】
[Did Fang Shen take money, I don’t believe it]
[This thing has been rotten for more than 4,000 years, how can it still be delicious? 】
"Really, I smell something like pine resin."
Waziri raised his eyebrows.
real or fake.
The experts nearby also went up and smelled it, and found that there was no smell at all.
However, Waziri did not doubt it, because pine resin was indeed added to the preservatives used to make Egyptian mummies, but after such a long time, theoretically, he could not smell anything anymore. Perhaps Bifang's sense of smell was relatively keen.
“In predynastic Egypt, bodies would be wrapped in silk or linen and buried in hollow tombs in the desert.”
"If the body is not discovered and torn apart by jackals, the hot, dry sand will absorb the moisture from the body, making it look like a black leather chair cover, but it will still be identifiable thousands of years later."
"Simple sand burials were common practice among peasants, but during dynastic times, pharaohs and other noble men were buried in more elaborate tombs."
"Unfortunately, placing a body in a relatively cool, moist catacomb makes it prone to decay."
"If the pharaoh wanted both a beautiful resting place and a well-preserved body, he would need a new method of handling the body in order to live forever."
"Drying can be accomplished through techniques used to preserve food and skins, as with kippers or salting."
"But preserving the pharaoh's body like a pickle was unsightly, so a mysterious manufacturing process provided a better way, that is, in hot places with dry sand or vinegar brine, embalmers used natron as a
Desiccant.”
"It is a natural sodium salt compound that removes the most perishable internal organs, while the heart, considered the seat of the mind, remains in the body."
[I know this. There are too many microorganisms in the internal organs. After being removed, it will also be beneficial to antisepsis]
【Like this】
【Awesome】
Waziri continued.
"The ancient Greek writer Herodotus left many records about corpse embalming, and many of the information contained in them reflect a late, perhaps degraded, state of embalming."
"According to his records, there are three methods of making mumaiyin, and their degrees and prices are different."
【Is it so realistic? 】
[This Herodotus sounds so familiar. I seem to have heard it somewhere.]
[Fang Shencai said not long ago, did you pay attention to the lecture, you will be hit on the head!]
"At the first level, the embalmer will use an iron pipe to pull out the brain from the nose, then take out the internal organs from the ribs, and rinse the abdominal cavity with palm wine and spices. Before filling the abdominal cavity with spices, the body must be soaked
70 days in alkali.”
"When the embalming was complete, the body was washed, wrapped in fine linen, smeared with pine resin, and placed in a human-shaped wooden box."
"If you don't have that much money, you can ask the embalmer to do it cheaper, which is the second level."
"They will skip the steps of extracting the brain and incising the abdominal cavity, inject pine oil directly into the abdominal cavity from the anus, and then embalm the body in natron."
"After 70 days, remove the plug from the anal opening and allow the oil and dissolved intestines to flow out. The embalmer returns the treated body to relatives with only skin and bones left."
[Damn, isn’t this really disgusting?]
[This is faith (face covering)]
[After all, they were ancient people thousands of years ago, and they really believed in this. 】
[Batching is okay]
"The third group, the poorer people, can only hope to use simple rinsing to clean out the abdominal cavity and 70 days of soaking to embalm."
"However, Herodotus's detailed description of the embalming process is also obviously wrong."
"According to other sources, the embalmers used juniper oil rather than cedar oil."
"The entire embalming process takes 70 days, of which 40 days are spent wrapping the body inside and out with bags of natron and dehydrating the body."
"Sometimes embalmers use simplified procedures, omitting to remove the internal organs, and using onions and garlic instead of appropriate aromatic preservatives."
"The shoddy craftsmanship and obvious deception are evident in the mumayin's packages, with severely mutilated internal organs, broken or missing bones, and animal remains or wood chips used to stuff the bodies."
"Chemists have tried to re-extract and analyze the ingredients of ancient preservatives. Some scientists believe that the preservatives are derived from cedar wood extracts because cedar contains a chemical component called o-methoxyphenol.
That's not true in juniper oil."
"After comparison, compared to other less commonly used preservatives, cedar wood can hinder the growth of bacteria and can effectively preserve animal tissues."
"Eye-opener."
Bi Fang praised.
As a professional, Waziri's explanation was obviously more detailed than him.
After all, these news and contents about Egypt were found by him through data search and were not given by the system, so it is always a bit messy to talk about.
Waziri put the flashlight on his head and pointed at Mu Nayin's teeth with his finger: "Look at this Mu Nayin's teeth. They are very complete."
"This also shows that he had an extraordinary status." Bi Fang continued.
"Yes, if you were an ordinary civilian, your teeth would not be as neat and intact as this."
"Before the introduction of modern technology to determine the age of ancient organisms, we would use indirect methods, such as estimating the coffin decoration, the name of the deceased and the burial objects to determine the age of Mu Nayin. The method is usually uncertain."
"This is sometimes incorrect because some mummies have been damaged by tomb robbers, and the bodies often end up damaged in new, mismatched coffins."
"Now researchers can use CT scanning three-dimensional imaging to determine the image of Mu Nayin, without having to open the inner shroud."
"This method will allow scientists to detect previously unknown Egyptian burials and the burial objects placed in mummies."
"If the tissue specimen is not contaminated or if collagen can be used, carbon 14 can be used to estimate the age of the mummy, but it is difficult to remove impurities from the mummy material."
"X-ray analysis can also provide valuable data on medical and dental diseases, estimate age at death and biological morphological changes, which also makes the research of modern scholars more objective and reasonable."
[Pharaoh: I never dreamed that I could still do CT]
[I predict that within 100 years, these researchers will all die because of the Pharaoh’s curse]
[I just want to know what this tastes like, does it look like beef jerky]
[I heard a saying that in the past, Europeans would soak mumeyin in honey, and then add it to pastries as a secret ingredient]
[Munayin uses a lot of preservative spices, so it may taste like dried cumin beef]
[Cumin is indeed a spice]
[I made a decision that went against my ancestors.]
[Arabs detect what ancestors of ancient Egyptians do not exist (dog heads)]
"Munayin is another name for a kind of mummy. The ancient Egyptians had their own unique system of worshiping gods. They believed that after death, the gods would weigh the weight of the heart, and then the soul would enter reincarnation and finally enter the body to gain eternal life."
"It was under the influence of this concept that the ancient Egyptians focused on preserving the integrity of the corpse to prevent the deceased's soul from having nothing to rely on when it returned."
The camera on the side kept taking pictures of Mu Naiyin, and the white light kept flashing in the dark tomb.
After taking a final look to satisfy his inner thirst for knowledge, Bi Fang, at the invitation of everyone, moved together to carry the funerary objects in the tomb.
All kinds of funerary objects once again made the audience shout.
By the next day, the white tent outside the cave was filled with various objects, and the number of people in the camp exceeded fifty. The overall work progress suddenly became much faster, and the original low cave was expanded a lot.
This is to facilitate the final removal of the entire mummy coffin.
For too long, the mumai can only be transported out in parallel. If there is any tilt or bump, the pharaoh may fall apart. This chapter has been completed!