Knowledgeable people record what they see, hear or think into books, which are the crystallization of wisdom. The spiritual civilization of a nation is reflected in the spiritual life of the ethnic group and is also stored in the long-term classics of the nation.
middle.
Strictly speaking, the books at this time represent the life of the entire ethnic group for tens of millions of years. The accumulated results of struggle are not the great achievements of a certain sage...
Ancient books were originally written manually. In the Shang Dynasty, there were oracle bone inscriptions carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, although they could not be regarded as books at that time. Oracle bone inscriptions, inscriptions, and seal scripts were mostly recorded in bamboo slips and silk from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty.
The words were written into a book. They were carved on pieces of bamboo and then incorporated into the book's abbreviation strategy. They were written on silk fabrics and could be used as scrolls on a silk book.
Therefore, in ancient times, a book was called a book or a volume.
Papermaking was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved it in the Eastern Han Dynasty. From then on, the materials used for writing books were gradually replaced by paper. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, engraving and printing appeared. Due to the rise of printing, calligraphy gradually changed from bamboo carving to woodblock printing.
, and changed from scroll to leaf form.
Before the technology of papermaking became more popular and simple, whether it was oracle bones, bronzes, bamboo slips, wooden slips, or paper improved by Cai Lun, they were all extremely rare and valuable things, worth a lot of money.
Therefore, whenever a bibliophile gets his favorite book, he is always used to holding it in his hands, rubbing it and looking at it, carefully reviewing the famous book, the unique secret book, and the yellow postscript. As a result, his heart warms when he sees it, he becomes excited when he reads it, and he regards it as a treasure.
I couldn't put it down. I was overjoyed, and stamped it with a seal. It was a certain family's collection of books...
Since then, books that were supposed to be the carrier of civilization have become the private property of book collectors, who either treasure them or put them away in a high cabinet, and outsiders can never get a glimpse of them except the family members.
Knowledge has become a luxury product and is out of reach for most people...
Why has scientific knowledge achieved explosive development and progress after entering the 21st century? The main reason is that various carriers for disseminating knowledge are becoming more and more popular, and various kinds of knowledge can be more easily eliminated.
Most people learned about it, and thus quantitative changes led to qualitative changes, and they achieved explosive breakthroughs.
But in the Tang Dynasty, the scarcity and expensiveness of paper became the biggest obstacle restricting the circulation of books and the spread of knowledge...
Under such circumstances, Fang Jun's bold words such as "Let all people in the world afford to read" are nothing more than idiotic talk.
Lu Xiaoyu cursed in his heart, but kept his mouth shut and did not argue.
The ups and downs of his official career made him suffer a lot, but he also learned to be patient. The unparalleled arrogance of the past has now been tempered to the last bit, and then transformed into a deeper sophistication and low-key.
War of words will not help matters.
In the end of the fight, the facts must speak for themselves. Lu Xiaoyu pursed his lips and followed Fang Jun, thinking in his mind that someone wanted to see what amazing skills your Fang family had, which could turn precious paper into
Common things that everyone can afford...
The servant of the Fang family led the two of them along the way, and happened to pass by two tall houses without doors or windows outside the workshop. A fast-flowing stream poured down from the mountain, rushing all the way, and poured into the wide and gentle stream at the foot of the mountain.
Among them, a huge waterwheel was built next to the house on the bank of the stream. The stream was rushing, the waterwheel was rolling, and the rumbling sound was clearly audible.
Not far away there were several open-air pots and stoves, with fires burning under them. The hot water in the pots was rolling and steaming.
Lu Xiaoyu stopped, looked at it, and asked in surprise: "When did these waterwheels stand here?"
He was not surprised by the boiling pot that was steaming. The raw materials for papermaking must be steamed and pounded before they can be used, and after steaming, the raw materials are easier to pound.
But what is this waterwheel used for?
The servant said: "It's just a water barrier."
Lu Xiaoyu suddenly realized, shook his head repeatedly and said: "The water hammer does save time and effort, but it is acceptable for pounding rice, but it is not appropriate if it is used to pound broken bamboo strips and paper pulp. Once the water hammer is continuously operated for too long, its axis will be easily damaged.
It wears out and has to be replaced frequently. It only takes a while to pound rice, but it takes days and years to pound bamboo strip pulp. If it stops, it will not be able to keep up with the speed of papermaking, and it will be a waste of effort."
Fang Jun on one side smiled and said nothing.
Lu Xiaoyu frowned and said: "Why is the chief manager so disdainful? Water dams have been recorded since the Han Dynasty. There are many rivers in the south of the Yangtze River, so water dams are everywhere. This thing can be seen everywhere in the countryside of Jiangnan, and it is not a rare thing."
Not only in the south of the Yangtze River, but also in Guanzhong, Hebei and other places, water dams can be seen everywhere.
To put it bluntly, this thing is just a further use of water power, the principles of levers and cams to process grain. This kind of machine that uses water power to remove the husk of grain has a low technical content and is widely spread among the people. Since the invention of the water bucket in the Han Dynasty,
It was still used in the Jiangnan countryside until the 20th century...
What Lu Xiaoyu said is exactly a serious limitation of ancient water dynasties - there is no bearing with excellent material.
Ancient bearings were simply made of cast iron, and then smeared with animal grease for a little lubrication, and that was it. Just imagine, how could such a simple bearing bear the rotation of a huge waterwheel for many years?
It would be weird not to scrap it...
Fang Jun chuckled: "Shui Lei is different from Shui Lei, and water wheel is different from water wheel. Just like people are different, you and I are different..."
This is what I said...
Lu Xiaoyu was so angry that he just wanted to grit his teeth!
You, a majestic Marquis of the Empire, and general manager, do you need to show your presence in front of a down-and-out person like me? This is simply a naked irony!
Lu Xiaoyu was furious, but there was nothing he could do.
Because Fang Jun was not wrong...
"Haha, you don't accept it? If you don't accept it, let me give you a long experience and see how the water wormwood produced by my Fang family is different from your water wormwood 'all over the south of the Yangtze River'." Fang Jun gave Lu Xiaoyu a blow, and he was in a good mood, so he accepted
Follow him into the Shuizui room.
Although Fang Jun has never been here before, the Fang family's bearings have made breakthrough progress under his "guidance". It was also his suggestion to use them on Shuidi House. Naturally, he was familiar with the road and found the Shuidi House.
He pointed out the bearings at the center of each huge gear to Lu Xiaoyu.
In fact, Fang Jun's water-powered forging hammer evolved from the water hammer.
It’s just that now it is equipped with bearings, which makes the power loss smaller and the effect greater...
The servant has been following him, acting as a commentator at this time: "These gears and the water wheel outside are equipped with bearings. This thing was made by Erlang himself, using the best stainless steel and using
A series of precise technical operations allow it to operate continuously under heavy load for more than two months without replacement, and there will be absolutely no breakage or breakage, ensuring the continuous operation of the water tiller."
Inside the Shui Lei room, it was not the "wheel pounding" that Lu Xiaoyu had seen in the past, in which the Shui Lei brought several wooden hammers and pounded them repeatedly. The sound was like oranges, and even the ground under his feet shook. Instead, it was driven by groups of huge gears.
There are four discs of stone mills, the gears are biting the gears, and they are driven by the water wheel outside through the connecting rod, and they are turning at a dizzying speed.
As for the "bearings" the servants called, they were actually invisible. However, the gears rotated so fast without hearing the "squeaking" friction sound in the past, so we knew that this "bearing" was indeed extraordinary.
The handymen kept coming in, bringing in the bamboo raw materials that had been cooked in the stove outside, slowly pouring them into the two grinding holes on the stone mill, and then the middle contact surface of the stone mill was chiselled and arranged neatly.
The grinding teeth grind the pulp, and the pulp flows out from under the stone mill...
The whole process was relaxed and enjoyable.
However, the current pulp cannot be used to make paper directly.
The ground pulp flowed into a pool nearby, and a servant scooped it out, poured it into a stone trough, and added another pulp water to it. A small forging hammer kept beating it repeatedly. This is because
The fibers in the bamboo pulp lack the necessary flexibility, and the bonding force between fibers is not ideal enough. If it is used to make paper, the paper will be loose and porous, with a rough surface and low strength, which cannot meet the requirements of use. And finally add
The slurry water can produce natural hemicellulose adhesive on the fiber surface to strengthen the fiber bonding force and physical strength.
Lu Xiaoyu naturally didn't know what this syrup was, so he asked: "What is this syrup made of?"
Fang Jun looked at him and smiled, showing his white teeth: "Haha..."