In the lobby of the Japanese Parliament, Hayashi Semijuro was trembling as he watched the result he least wanted to see. On April 30, 1937, the Japanese general election ended. In the general election, the Democratic Party won 180 seats (original 204 seats) and Seiyoukai 174 seats (original 204 seats).
There are 171 seats), Showa Kai 18 seats (original 24 seats), National League 11 seats (original 11 seats), Eastern Conference 11 seats (original 9 seats), and 26 seats without affiliation. The overall situation has not changed.
.In this election, the Socialist Popular Party won 37 seats (originally 20 seats), and its criticism of the current cabinet's policies was the reason for its victory, which is eye-catching.
Hayashi Jujuro never dreamed that the result of his dissolution of parliament would be like this. Did his fate as prime minister end here? He had to start talking about this matter as early as 1912.
When China began the Republic of China era, Japan began the brightest era before World War II in this year - the Taisho era. On the tenth anniversary of the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution, the famous Japanese veteran Ito Hirobumi established a political party called Riken
Later, Katsura Taro formed another political party called the Constitutional Comrades Association, which was later renamed the Constitutional Council and the Constitutional Democratic Party. The civil service faction headed by Ito Hirobumi finally fulfilled its wish and successfully established Japan based on the Western parliamentary system.
Parliament, and this began a ten-year era in which the two major political parties took turns in power. During these ten years, Japan's stable economic development and the First World War in Europe caused many foreign businessmen who were willing to take risks to come to Japan.
Investment created a prosperous scene in New Japan, making the early Taisho period an unprecedented prosperous era for Japan since the Meiji Restoration. At that time, the European War ended, the wave of national self-determination was very prosperous, and the atmosphere of democracy and freedom was strong, which was later called "Taisho Democracy"
At that time, the Japanese people had plenty of food and clothing, and couples often liked to go to theaters and cinemas to enjoy their leisure time. There were huge developments in music, literature and other arts.
But the good times did not last long. A worldwide economic crisis quickly wiped out the prosperity. Countless factories closed down and workers lost their jobs. Neither the Constitutional Friendship Association nor the Constitutional Comrades Association could come up with a practical solution to the economic problem. This made the public dissatisfied.
The civilian cabinet was greatly dissatisfied, and this sentiment led to the rapid rise of militarism and fascist forces. The fascist forces in the Japanese military quickly conquered the entire military. The only difference was the steps and understanding of fascism.
One group advocates continuing to use military coups to overthrow the current cabinet, and the emperor to rule directly with the help of the military. Because they speak and talk about the "Imperial Way" and "Imperial Power", they are called the "Imperial Way Sect". Its representative is Zeng
General Sadao Araki, who serves as land minister, and General Jinzaburo Masaki, director of Army Education, are mostly young middle- and lower-level officers who have no status in the current regime, come from rural areas and are dissatisfied with reality. The "Emperor's Way" was inspired by the fascist theorist Kitaki Ikki
The "Outline of the Japan Transformation Act" had a greater influence, advocating the control of political power through coups and the implementation of military fascist dictatorship.
The other faction was mostly composed of members of a small group of Emperor Hirohito's cronies. After purging the forces of the Choshu clan, they gradually occupied important positions in the middle and upper levels of the army. Their representatives were the number one who enjoyed the reputation of the "Three Heroes" in the army.
Characters: Major General Nagata Tetsuzan and Major General Tojo Hideki. This faction advocates maintaining the control of the central military agency. It believes that bloody military coups are not conducive to the stability of the military and the political situation. It advocates using the current status of the military to carry out foreign aggression in wars.
They gradually expanded their power, used top-down legal means to transform the country, and established a fascist regime controlled by the military, which was called the "regulatory faction."
The struggles of soldiers are often prone to military coups. On February 26, 1936, young officers and soldiers of the "Imperial Road Faction" among Japanese warlords launched the February 26th Incident, which led to the collapse of Okada Keisuke's cabinet.
However, from the Emperor of Japan to the shoguns and elders, no one had a good impression of the crazy and rude Emperor Dao sect, so they wanted to choose a ruling faction figure as the Prime Minister to suppress the power of the Emperor Dao sect, and Hayashi Jujuro became the best
s Choice.
This is because Hayashi Senjuro was originally a member of the Imperial Sect, but after the death of his predecessor Nobuyoshi Muto, he quickly defected to the Tōsoku faction. Such behavior made it impossible for Hayashi Senjuro to gain a foothold in the Imperial Sect, and Hayashi Senjuro was also very
The idea of the emperor and the senators who elected him to power was about to be realized. He immediately transferred Tetsuyama Nagata, a backbone of the ruling faction, as the director of military affairs. Then Lin Xian and Nagata began to work in the army with the support of Kanin Palace and Watanabe Tarōtaro.
The Emperor's faction was eliminated. The following year, Masaki's position as director of education was eliminated. This aroused great anger among the young officers of the Emperor's faction, and immediately the incident of Lieutenant Colonel Aizawa's murder of Chief of Military Affairs Nagata Tetsuzan occurred. The February 26 Incident
, the rebels even demanded that Hayashi Senjuro be dismissed from office. After the rebellion was suppressed, Hayashi Senjuro was placed in the reserve force along with many other generals.
Hayashi Jujuro also completely hated those political parties over this matter, believing that it was because of the political parties that he suffered a tragic end. However, after the collapse of the Hirota Koki cabinet, the elder Saionji Konobo recommended Ugaki Kazunari as the prime minister. But the Army
The ruling faction opposed Ugaki of the conservative faction to form a cabinet, and no one was elected as the Minister of War. Ugaki, who had retired from the military for several years, had no choice but to resign from the emperor. The person responsible for this incident was later praised as Japan's only strategist
Ishihara smiles.
This made Hayashi Jūjuro the choice once again, and Hayashi Jūjuro inexplicably ascended to the position of Prime Minister.
Although Hayashi Senjuro still had some political ambitions at this time, he stubbornly believed that the prerequisite for external aggression must be internal unity, and the biggest obstacle to internal unity is the parliament and the political party. It must be said that Hayashi Senjuro was politically
A complete idiot.
Hayashi Senjuro quickly used the stupidest method to realize his ambition. After the parliament approved all the bills, Hayashi Senjuro suddenly announced the dissolution of parliament. This is like asking others to work for you to build a house, and then announcing the dissolution after the house is built.
The engineering team was disbanded without any money. Therefore, it was called "eating and running away" (eating and running away).
Hayashi Senjuro originally thought that there would be big improvements if the parliament was dissolved and elections were held, but the result was that there was no change. The only change was that the party that criticized him gained more seats.
Just when Hayashi Juro was feeling shy and angry, in an antique house, an old man and a middle school man were drinking tea and playing chess.
The old man, with white hair and beard, was wearing a kimono and had an extraordinary aura. He was none other than Saionji Konobo, known as the last elder in Japan. Saionji Konobo looked at the dashing middle-aged man opposite and said, "The situation is obvious now."
, Hayashi Senjuro has lost the basis for forming a cabinet, and neither the military nor the political circles are willing to support him. I think the only person who can save the situation on his behalf is you. You must not be humble again this time.
"
The younger one is Konoe Fumimaro. Konoe Fumimaro comes from a wealthy family. His great-grandfather was a teacher of Saionji Konobo, and his father was a good friend of many senators. He has shown to be different from ordinary people since he was young, and studied at Tokyo Imperial University.
He once bought cakes to give to poor neighbors and advocated courtesy to virtuous people. His catchphrase "Beggars are also guests" won him a lot of good reputation. What was helpless was that it was this noble gentleman who was smiling in the eyes of his neighbors who launched a terrifying war.
It can be said that Japanese people often have two sides that people cannot understand.
Konoe Fumimaro nodded when he heard the words of Saionji Komō. The reason why he resolutely refused to form a cabinet last time was because he believed that even if there was an order from the emperor, there was no one within the army who could discuss policies. Now, as a Chinese, he has a law degree.
, you can easily gain the trust of the elders and political parties, and your position between the Imperial Faction and the Regulatory Faction can also be recognized by the military circles. The time has indeed come for you to form your own cabinet.
Seeing Konoe Fumimaro nodding in agreement, Lord Saionji suddenly shook his whole body and shouted, "Konoe-kun, what is your political agenda? Now the empire is falling apart internally like a star about to fall, and externally it is hostile to the white world. China
Anti-Japanese sentiment is on the rise, and the empire is like facing a besieged behemoth. How are you going to break out of the encirclement?"
Konoe Fumimaro thought for a while and said seriously, "I will use His Majesty the Emperor as the core to unite people internally, and externally seek our right to survive in order to pursue international justice."
Saionji Konobo was very satisfied with Konoe Fumimaro's answer and said, "You are not bad. Although you are a little disobedient, you are indeed an excellent disciple of mine. Go and contact the person you like, and don't let the emperor and the people down again."
Konoe Fumimaro stood up and bowed to Saionji Konobo and said, "I will never disappoint His Majesty the Emperor."
However, Hayashi Senjuro was not willing to end his political career like this. He found his party members and hoped to dissolve the Congress again. However, everyone, including Sato, was no longer optimistic about him. Hayashi Senjuro looked at the silent
Everyone said "I won't give up." and left the table. Sato looked at Hayashi Senjuro's back and sighed. He didn't care whether Hayashi Senjuro could always be the prime minister. He was just worried about Sato's diplomacy.
Will the efforts be abandoned by the new Prime Minister?
In China, Jiang Cheng returned to Shanghai dejected because he was blocked from running heavy industry.
When Yu Yishan saw Jiang Cheng's gloomy look, she wanted to go out with him to relax. Jiang Cheng was indeed in a bad mood and thought about the spring outing he had promised. It was almost summer, so she nodded in agreement and notified Yu Qiaqing and
Yu Zhimin is ready to implement what we discussed last time.
Late at night, Jiang Cheng sat on the sofa in the living room, thinking about what to do next.
"My boss, what are you worried about? Tell me, maybe I can help my boss." Jin Shan walked into Jiang Cheng's room pushing the midnight snack and asked when he saw Jiang Cheng frowning and thinking about something.
Jiang Cheng saw it was Jinshan and sighed, "It's nothing. I'm just thinking about where to open the factory. It's nothing. You don't have to worry."
Jinshan scratched his head and said, "Aren't there many factories in Shanghai? Just put the factory here."
Jiang Cheng shook his head and said, "No, the factory can only be located in the mainland."
Jinshan frowned and said, "The innermost areas are Sichuan and Shaanxi, so let's just stick to these two places."
When Jiang Cheng heard about Shaanxi, he couldn't help but think of Yan'an and the future of China, which is still very weak.
Do you want to go to Yan'an to have a look? But now that you are a capitalist, even though you have contact with Zhou Guansheng, will they really accept you? As for if you go to Sichuan or Qinghai further away, then you have to do it independently.
Putting aside whether you have the ability or not, this talent problem is difficult to solve. At this time, all the talented people have been divided up by the red and white parties. If you want to be independent, let alone success or failure, you don't have the time.
, a head of state who disappears at every turn, the country must be in chaos.
Jin Shan looked at Jiang Cheng who seemed to be still hesitating, and couldn't help but said, "My boss, I heard my husband say to me in class, 'You get what you hear, you see.' I think it makes sense. Instead of hesitating, boss, why don't you take a look at where it is suitable to open a business?"
factory."
Jiang Cheng smiled and said, "Seeing is better than hearing. Jinshan, your knowledge has improved greatly. Yes, it's time to go and see it. You go and arrange a flight to Xi'an. I'll leave as soon as possible."
Jiang Cheng thought in a blink of an eye that he was registered with Jiang's agent now. If he went to Yan'an suddenly, he would definitely be blocked, and then said, "Wait, please keep it secret and don't alarm too many people. Use some money."
I don’t want others to know that I went to Xi’an.”
Jinshan smiled and said, "Look, I promise not to let those tails know."
Early the next morning, Yu Yishan was dressed up and dressed in modern riding equipment. Jiang Cheng couldn't help but feel in a trance, as if he was seeing a cyclist in the 21st century.
Although Jiang Cheng brought several types of cars, Yu Yishan preferred dead flying. Dead flying could move forward and backward and make many difficult movements. When Jiang Cheng saw that Yu Yishan could already use the rear wheel as a fulcrum to rotate on the spot, he had no choice but to
I don’t admit that the eldest daughter of the Yu family has really strong motor skills.
Yu Qiaqing and Yu Zhimin had already contacted the business elites and headed to Sheshan to prepare for the evening banquet.
The light rain last night made the air especially fresh today. Jiang Cheng and Yu Yishan listened to the rustle of wheels on the ground and the sound of wind passing by their ears. They looked at the rapidly rotating front wheels and the speeding road below.
While admiring the scenery of the suburbs of Shanghai during the Republic of China, Jiang Cheng forgot all his unhappiness for a while, and kept talking and joking with Yu Yishan along the way. Bashun, Li Dayong and others drove a car far behind, and Jiang Cheng and Jiang Cheng soon
He rode out of the city and arrived at the suburbs. This was Jiang Cheng's first time seeing the countryside in Shanghai. Although they were not far apart, here and the concession were like two different worlds. The lavish life of the concession seemed to have nothing to do with it.
Some people are skinny and skinny, and their clothes are ragged. Most people's clothes are obviously made up of several kinds of cloth. Children are all dirty playing on the ground, but from time to time you can see them.
The large courtyard with blue bricks and red walls is the home of the gentry in the countryside. Jiang Cheng has been traveling between Shanghai and Nanjing by car. This is the first time he has observed the peasants of the Republic of China at such a close distance.
Most future generations have two misunderstandings about the countryside before the Anti-Japanese War in the Republic of China. One misunderstanding is that the countryside at that time was full of big landowners like Zhou Papi and Huang Shiren, and land annexation was extremely serious. In fact, this was not the case.
The Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. ("Manchuria Railway") was a special enterprise established by Japan to invade China. One of its important businesses was to conduct detailed empirical investigations of China's national conditions. In 1935, the "Manchuria Railway" investigated 453 villages in North China.
Land distribution status, and recorded the number of acres of land owned by the largest landowner in each village. Among them, there are only two landlords with more than 1,000 acres of land, and the largest landowners in 2/3 villages occupy no more than 200 acres of land. During the same period, the dispersion of land in the south
The situation is even more serious. According to land records in Anhui and Zhejiang, the land occupied by the largest owners in each place is less than 100 acres. From 1939 to 1940s, the "Manchu Railway" also investigated 11 villages in 4 counties in southern Jiangsu. The results showed that in these villages,
There are 173 "landowner households" but only 159 "tenant households". On average, each "landowner" only rents 4.92 acres of land. In other words, during the Republic of China, there were very few large landowners in rural China.
What is the cause? Population growth. In ancient China, land annexation often intensified due to population growth. Because the population grew but the land did not increase, it was often easy for the people to sell their land when they had unexpected expenses. But everything is the same.
If the opposites are united, the extremes of things will turn against each other. When the population increases to a certain level, the land cannot be annexed anymore. The "Huang County Chronicles" compiled during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty recorded: "There are few people in Huang County, but the land is cherished like gold..."
"There is no reason for annexation if there is a powerful force" refers to this situation. On the other hand, the speed of farmers saving surplus wealth has slowed down due to the reduction of per capita arable land, and the price of land has increased due to the reduction of per capita arable land. This has dropped by one
The dual pressure of rising prices made it increasingly difficult for farmers to expand their land. In the late Qing Dynasty, it often took decades or generations before a middle-class family could buy dozens of acres of land. The growth of population was precisely
The main reason why "mergers" are becoming more and more difficult and the scale of landlords is getting smaller and smaller. If it is difficult to understand, let's use an analogy. It is well known that housing prices in Shanghai and Beijing are now very expensive. If a person owns four or five houses, he will not be able to do so.
Families with other assets want to continue to buy houses without taking out loans and eventually become large landlords of hundreds of houses of the same value. This is a task that will take nearly a hundred years to complete provided that housing prices do not fluctuate drastically.
That is to say, in the countryside of the Republic of China, there were landlords and many small landowners. Except for those warlords, there were very few real big landowners.
Another misunderstanding is that in many Internet jokes of later generations, China's rural areas during the Republic of China were a peaceful paradise. The land was flat, the houses were beautiful, the fertile fields were beautiful, the ponds were mulberry and bamboo, and the young people with yellow hair were happy. The landlords all made their fortunes through hard work.
They are large grain growers, and they are all good people who are compassionate towards their tenant farmers. In short, in their view, the Chinese countryside in the Republic of China was an extremely beautiful paradise on earth, until the land reform of the Red Party turned it into a hell. This kind of description of the countryside
It is most common in family literature.
But in reality, rural areas in the Republic of China were generally poor, and landlords, as we were accustomed to say, had no surplus grain. In 1932, Xue Muqiao wrote in "An Index of the Decline of Rural Areas in Jiangnan" that his conclusion was: "The ability of moderate landlords
There are very few people who can make ends meet without sinking into debt... The small landowners who stay in the countryside are gradually declining, and they themselves are oppressed by usury. This year, farmers, Xinhua Bank and Xinhua Bank's mortgage loans are almost all to landlords.
The target, and none of the borrowed items were invested in agriculture, but were mostly used for debt repayments, mortgages and various consumption matters." Even "small and medium-sized landowners" generally went bankrupt, which shows the decline of the countryside at that time.
The place he investigated was not a poor area, but the famous fish and rice town - Wuxi. This is the case even in the rural areas of Wuxi, not to mention other provinces that are even poorer.
