In the twelfth lunar month of the eleventh year of Yanxing, the news of Guan Yu's victory in the Western Campaign and the re-establishment of the Protectorate came back to Chang'an, and the whole court rejoiced. Shang Shutai issued a special order to commemorate this, not only imposing a seven-day night ban, but also sending a ban on the people of the city
Two kilograms of dried meat, and a 30% tax reduction for all people in Jingzhao. With this order, Xijing became bustling with red lights, candlelight like clouds, and the sound of firecrackers every night. It seemed that the evil was gone, but peace and prosperity were coming.
Scenery.
This incident had a great impact on both the government and the public. Initially, several battles in Guandong were unsuccessful, which caused the two governments to lose their prestige. However, after the first battle in the west was successful, the county commander was relieved. Mi Heng, who had been slandered before, also came to congratulate.
Even the emperor who was under house arrest heard about it and took the initiative to go to the Ancestral Temple to pay homage to his ancestors. He said with a smile to the queen: "The conquest of the Western Regions has been a grand martial arts event since ancient times. If it can happen in our dynasty, I am worthy of being a descendant of the Liu family."<
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Chen Chong was even more delighted. He sent a message to Liu Bei saying: "The victory in this battle is enough to show the effectiveness of the reform. If we can promote the army and train diligently, why not worry about not being able to defeat the Eastern bandits!" Since Taixue recalled the past, he
The mood to continue the restructuring became urgent, and the victory in the Expedition to the West, like a timely rain, cleared up Chen Chong's excuse to prevent the restructuring.
In February of the twelfth year of Yanxing (AD 204), the emperor and the court officials went out a hundred miles to the martial arts place to welcome the returning Shanglin army as if they were welcoming the emperor's triumphant return. They saw Guan Yu and the envoys from the thirty-four countries of the Western Regions who came with him.
After taking the hostages, he served Guan Yu wine and said with a smile: "Wherever Yun Chang is heading, there is no opponent. Even Feng Yi and the disciples of Wu and Han are nowhere near as far away!" Everyone along the road saw Guan Yu taking it calmly, stroking his beard and drinking it.
Everyone was impressed by his heroic demeanor, and secretly commented: "Guan Junhou, what a beautiful bearded man! What a martial artist!"
With the support of the public, Chen Chong immediately launched the second round of reforms after returning to the court. If the first round of reforms was to revise penalties and promulgate the "Gantang Law", then the second round of reforms was to target people's livelihood taxes.
Endowment.
Previously, the state had repeatedly issued decrees to gather people to farm in wasteland, and after a few years of farming, it could be converted into private land. However, these were used to resettle captives and refugees. Although it was widely involved, no system was formed. However, the farming matter
, can only be used in times of war. Now that Guanlong is stable and people live in peace, it will be difficult to recruit people to organize farming. If the country wants to reclaim wasteland, it must find other ways.
So Chen Chong, after deliberation in Taichung, the minister, finally promulgated the order of granting land, order of expanding land, order of returning land and order of trial.
The order of land granting was issued to ensure peace and prosperity for the people and to encourage soldiers. The court decided to grant land to the people based on their household registration and meritorious service: starting from the twelfth year of Yanxing, every male in the country who reaches the age of sixteen will be granted fifty lands.
There is a tax of two hectares per mu. This fifty acres is called a Honda and cannot be traded. If the meritorious title can be promoted, the country can grant land to the title. The twenty-level title, the minimum land grant is 100 acres, and the maximum land grant is 40 hectares.
These granted lands are called meritorious lands, and the tax is one public. These granted lands can be bought and sold, but after descendants ascend to the title, they will be demoted to one level, and the excess granted lands will be taken back by the state.
The Land Expansion Order was issued to encourage farmers to open up land: all male households in the country, after reporting to the township pavilion, can expand an additional 100 acres of land in addition to the land granted by the state, and the tax on the expanded acres will be reduced by half for twenty years.
.If there is no land to expand locally, you can report it to the county, and the land will be moved to wasteland in a small county for an equivalent price, and then expand the land. However, from the perspective of annexation, the expansion of the land is not allowed to be bought or sold, nor can it be passed down to children. If the landowner dies, the land will be expanded.
Tian takes back the country.
The land-returning order was a land-restriction order, designed to prevent local expansion: the court ordered county and county officials to review the common people's land acres, and those without titles could occupy up to 300 acres of land. Those with military merit could not occupy more than three hundred acres of land. Now if
Anyone who has committed a crime must return the land according to the law, and the local county government will redeem it at the market price, turn it into public land, and then recruit county residents to cultivate it. If there is any concealment or concealment, the head of the household will be guilty of the crime and the land will be expropriated.<
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The Judgment Order was the top priority of the second round of reform. Toda's three orders were all related to the meritorious system. However, according to the previous country's meritorious system, it was really difficult to implement. After all, the meritorious system was hereditary, and the Han law was wide.
, after four hundred years of war between the Han and Han Dynasties, how can we prevent the proliferation of meritorious titles and the neglect of state offices? Therefore, it is imperative to re-examine the merits and titles. Therefore, Chen Chong proposed in the Chancery Table that all Ding households in the country at present,
The merit and title of the father's generation will be abolished, and the title will be recalculated based on personal merit and demerit.
Chen Chong has been planning the trial for a long time and has wanted to implement it since the first year of Yanxing. However, he also knew that the trial order would cause great disturbances in the government and the public, so he kept delaying it. After all, seizing someone's title is like cutting someone's flesh, and the world doesn't like it.
, it is indeed a matter of course, but for Sheji, Kongjue is like a bloody sore that has to be dug out. Therefore, he originally planned to slowly implement it after the country was unified. However, six years after Yanxing, the east and west were divided.
It was hard to tell the winner in a short period of time. He also felt that time was not waiting for him as he got older, so he made up his mind and finally implemented it this year.
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But the result was beyond Chen Chong's expectation. The trial went smoothly. Although there was indeed resentment among the government and the public, there was little resistance to its implementation.
But if you think about the reason carefully, it is not difficult to understand. After all, Guanzhong has experienced three major chaos, including the Qiang Rebellion, Dong Zhuo, and Lu Bu. Not only the people were in chaos, but even the savings of the prominent families were wiped out. Those from Guandong who came to defect to the imperial court naturally had to be reset.
Land property does not have much influence. In addition, after the number of titles has increased, the rewards that match them have long been in name only. Now that the title has been re-calculated, new lands can be awarded, which is really a win-win situation for both parties.
The only ones who have real influence are the senior officials of the country's old dynasties. Veterans of the country such as Han Rong, who grew up in the peaceful years and worked in the central government, did not have many opportunities to make meritorious deeds. Therefore, after the re-examination, they were demoted four or five more times.
Wait, they criticized what they said in the Qing meeting. It was naturally inevitable that Chen Chong treated the veteran minister poorly. Therefore, Chen Chong also made corresponding concessions. Although the veteran minister's title was taken away, his previous title and salary would not be reduced, and he would treat others for a hundred years.
After that, they were eliminated step by step within two generations of descendants. As a result, the old minister had nothing to say.
However, such a large-scale administrative restructuring showed that officials were currently stretched thin. For a time, all states and counties claimed to increase the number of officials. Chen Chong took this opportunity to also reform personnel in the county government. First, he ordered the county government to collect information from counties and townships.
The list of newly added officials must be reported to the Si Li Mansion. Their official salaries are allocated exclusively by the Si Li Mansion. The county government is not allowed to increase or reduce the number of officials without authorization. Before issuing orders, these officials must first go to the Si Li Mansion in Chang'an to study the laws and regulations.
Then return to the township and county to start government affairs. The relevant documents should be made in triplicate, and one copy should be sent directly to the Sili Mansion for preparation.
In addition, Chen Chong also used Zhuge Liang as a meritorious official to reform all meritorious affairs in the country.
Since Huan Ling, the Chaju system has been criticized by the world. Chajucha, as the name suggests, relies on the appreciation and recommendation of senior county officials to select talents. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, Shizong only had the magic weapon, and all officials were cautious in their work. Indeed, many officials were recommended
Talents, such as Zhu Fuyan, Sang Hongyang and other wise men, were promoted to official positions. However, after Guangwu Zhongxing, the shortcomings of Chaju gradually increased.
First, because local big families tend to protect each other, and high-ranking officials in prefectures and counties are also greedy for money and accept bribes, they elect some children of big families who are not worthy of their name. This is how Shi Changshi and others recommend their own children to control the government. The second is to check the progress of promotion.
Over time, the system gradually became rigid, and people in the world tried to take advantage of it. For example, during the reign of Emperor Huan, Zhao Xuan, a famous filial son, buried his relatives in the tomb without closing the tomb. He lived in it and mourned for more than 20 years. The towns and cities praised his filial piety and thought he should be honored.
Xiaolian. As a result, Chen Fan, the prime minister, checked his family and found that five children were born during the period of mourning. This made Chen Fan furious. He claimed that Zhao Xuan "sleeped in a tomb and was conceived in it, deceiving the public and slandering ghosts and gods."
This was just one of the cases. Therefore, by the time of Huan Ling, there was a saying among the people that "a scholar is promoted, but he does not know how to write. A filial piety is promoted, and his father lives apart. He is poor and pure, white and turbid as mud, and he is a high-ranking official."
A good general is as timid as a chicken." nursery rhyme.
After Chen Chong came to power, he carefully rectified the administration of officials, and the inspection of county guards improved quite a lot. The talents he recommended were upright, and Wei Duan and others were indeed talented. But this was not immune to the criticism of local collusion. Chen Chong himself was aware of this.
In the past few years, the number of talents recommended by local officials from big families has increased day by day, but the number of poor people has become increasingly rare. It can be seen that the old system of Chaju is not useful, so Chen Chong plans to leave it idle and think of other ways to use merit.
The meritorious officials in the prefectures and counties have always been responsible for inspecting the results and recording the actual performance, so as to help the officials select talents. Therefore, they are in charge of the state and county documents and are called Zhongzheng. Chen Chong then set up left and right Zhongzheng among the meritorious officials in each county, all of which are headed by the Secretary.
Direct appointments are made by the Lifu, and financial power, personnel, and official documents are all issued by the Silifu. They are not actually controlled by the prefectures and counties. The Zhongzheng is responsible for inspecting the prefectures and counties, secretly investigating the local good and bad people, and reporting them to the Silifu. The prefectures and counties recommend the virtuous.
, compared with the Zhongzheng eucalyptus slip, the one that matches the two should be used, and neither should be taken. In addition, Zhongzheng is also responsible for considering the moral character of officials. If during the secret investigation, it is found that someone has accepted bribes or oppressed the people
, those who enrich their own pockets and other behaviors will be reported to the Sili Mansion and severely punished according to law.
It is worth mentioning that Chen Chong's restructuring in this year was not limited to the two prefectures. For example, the three towns of Renma, the Southern Xiongnu, the Tuoba Xianbei, and the Qiang Di Yicong were all reviewed by the Three Orders of Huda this time.
Within the scope of the title order. Regardless of Hu, Han, Huayi, as long as they are willing to join the household, they will be granted land and recognize the title.
The Southern Xiongnu have been following Chen Chong since the first year of Zhongping, and the leaders of various tribes also hold official positions in Jinyang Bafu. Therefore, for this opportunity, except for a few tribes, such as Helian, Yuwen, Dugu, Huyan, Juqu, etc.
Most of the Huns agreed to be naturalized and merged into the state. In addition to the Xianbei and Qiang Di who were merged into Shazhou, Liangzhou and other places, in just one year, the Western Dynasty had 370,000 households and 1.83 million Dingkou.<
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After the campaign to conquer the west, there was no war in Yanxing for twelve years, but Chen Chong's drastic restructuring at this year was extremely eye-catching. Some people at that time compared various new policies to Wu Qi and Wei Yang's reforms, thinking that they could enrich the country and strengthen the people.
Some also compare it to Wang Mang's change of state structure, which will cause chaos in the world. As for whether it is right or wrong, it does not matter. The evaluation of reforms has always been tested by time.