Chapter 391 Riding on the wind of Qiang chaos to be kind to the world
Ma Jun also said: "What the Prime Minister said is that the people of this world suffered from the Qiang chaos in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The short-term peace now is also rare, but if we want to have a lasting peace and prosperity, it must be benefited by a few people with benevolence and righteousness."
The one who stands out!”
Cao Shuang thought for a while and continued: "In the past, Dong Zhuo, Ma Teng, Ma Chao and his son, Han Sui and others all relied on the Qiang Rebellion to make their fortunes. It was really the current situation. If you can catch it, you can ride the wind.
It's a pity that they didn't have a benevolent heart for the world, but only for their own selfish interests, and that's why they lost so quickly."
Dong Zhuo, Liangzhou separatist warlord Ma Teng, Ma Chao and his son, and Han Sui all started out of the Liangzhou Qiang Rebellion.
He once traveled to the areas where the Qiang people lived. Relying on the powerful background of the landowners and their vast assets, he often communicated with the chiefs of the Qiang tribes, recruited a large number of frustrated and down-to-earth Lai people, and wooed and annexed other local forces.
"The Biography of the Western Qiang" summed up the causes and lessons of the "Qiang plague" and said: "The rule of the court was broken and the emperor and the emperor were harmonious; the commander-in-chief of the Rong Dynasty Qian Rannuo trusted." This reveals the ruling policies and policies of the Eastern Han Dynasty and its local generals towards the Qiang people.
A serious mistake in management style.
Specifically, the Eastern Han Dynasty reversed the vassal rule of the Western Qiang in the Western Han Dynasty, adhering to the Qiang policy of the Wang Mang period, forcibly promoting the county system in Huangzhong where the Qiang people were concentrated, and directly integrating the Qiang into the centralized administration
Under the rule of the Qiang people, serious conflicts occurred with the original social organization, traditional culture, production methods, lifestyles and customs of the Qiang people.
The Western Han Dynasty's vassal rule over the Qiang people began during the reign of Emperor Xuan, in the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), when "the vassal state of Jincheng was first established to subjugate the Qiang."
The so-called vassal state means that the ethnic minorities who migrated inland and surrendered were allowed to accept the rule of the Han Dynasty without changing their original tribal organizational forms, production methods and living customs.
"Historical Records" and "Hanshu" say: "Because of their old customs, they are considered to belong to the country." "Historical Records of Justice" explains: "Each one belongs to the Han according to the customs of his country, so it is said to belong to the country."
On the other hand, the Western Qiang are still in the transition period from the end of primitive society to a class society. The state form has not yet been fully formed. The shell of the blood community is still preserved. The organs of the blood system are gradually being transformed into a tool used by the Qiang lords to oppress the Qiang people.
, a tool for plundering foreign populations and wealth.
At this stage, Xiqiang society was particularly divided, with tribes and tribal alliances constantly dividing, reuniting, and reorganizing during wars.
Historical records: “Since the time when the Western Qiang loved swords, their descendants were divided into one hundred and five types,...the fifty-two types declined and were unable to stand on their own, and were scattered into attachments, either extinct and without heirs, or driven away.
The fifty-two kinds of them are declining, unable to stand on their own, scattered into attachments, or extinct without successors, or driven away.
Among the eighty-nine types, Zhong (Qiang) is the strongest, with more than 100,000 victorious soldiers. The rest are large ones with more than 10,000 soldiers, and small ones with thousands of soldiers. They are more likely to be thieves, and their rise and fall are unpredictable. When they obey the emperor, they can win together.
Two hundred thousand people.”
It can be seen that until the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Qiang people never formed a unified political power.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once "expelled the Qiang from the west", which was the first major outbreak of this kind of conflict.
After the Western Han Dynasty implemented vassal rule in Huangzhong, on the one hand, the surrendered Qiang were allowed to implement a certain degree of ethnic autonomy under the original tribal organizational form.
On the other hand, they also dispatched the captains to protect the Qiang to "manage their grievances" and resolve the conflicts within the Western Qiang tribe and with the Han border officials and people, and achieved good results. Therefore, after Emperor Xuan, the Western Qiang continued to control the border areas of the Han Dynasty.
Harassments and plundering wars were rare.
After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it took ten years of unification wars to basically unify Longyou, and resettled counties and counties to rule the Senei Qiang people in Liangzhou and other places.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Rong, Yuan Xiao, Lu Fang, etc., who were separatist in the northwest region, all borrowed the power of the Qiang and Hu, especially Chen Qi who took the initiative to "recruit the Youhao (referring to the Qiang) and used them".
He relied on the Qiang people as his main source of troops. During the Western Han Dynasty, most of the "Qiang defenders" were recruited by him, so that he could "occupy the land of seven counties and support the Qiang and Hu people" and resisted ten years. These were Dong Zhuo, Ma
Teng, Han Sui’s senior!
The reason why Emperor Guangwu Pingxiao was able to achieve victory was the strategy of "lobbying (Kui) Xiao general Gao Jun to accept Yu's subordinates and Qianghao as subordinates to serve as Chen Fufu and use Lixiao to support the party", which was a very important factor.
However, "after the destruction of Xiao, Longyou was not at peace", mainly because the Qiang people, who were originally thought to be strong because of their support, did not succumb to the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
, they all set up trenches to defend themselves, and the states and counties attacked them."
Afterwards, Lai She led Gai Yan, Liu Shang, Ma Yuan and others to attack the Qiang people in Jincheng and other large-scale wars broke out. In fact, the Eastern Han Dynasty's war against the Qiang people was, in a sense, the unification war of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The new shape continues.
For the poor people of Qihu, the incompetent performance of the Eastern Han Dynasty during the Qiang rebellion was really shocking.
The shock level is enough to make old farmers who have never thought about life doubt their lives. The seemingly rich empire can't exert its huge size to defeat its opponents in one fell swoop.
Instead, they had to go through frequent hard battles to win with difficulty. For example, the famous general Duan Jiu fought with the Qiang people 180 times in one year. Such high-intensity military operations are enough to completely break the spirit of ordinary people.
Secondly, the so-called strong men who had achieved great achievements in conquering Shi Yanran were unable to curb the vicious spread of the Qiang rebellion.
The Xiqiang rebellion was supposed to only affect the Hehuang River Basin in today's Xining area.
But by the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many counties in Liangzhou and Guanzhong, which were further away, also gradually became the frontier.
When Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty came to the throne, the old capital of Chang'an was also exposed to the Qiang's military front. Even in Bashu, which is surrounded by mountains and is easy to defend and difficult to attack, there were also uprisings reflecting the Qiang chaos, with the slogan "Hundred reeds support hundreds of thousands of Qiang people."
"Stone mural with the words "!
In fact, the rebellious Qiang people were not considered powerful, but the imperial court actually spent huge sums of money on it, causing its own vitality to be severely damaged immediately.
Most of the Xiqiang people have lived in the frontiers for a long time, and the development of productivity is relatively low. Some people cannot even produce decent weapons.
According to the "Book of the Later Han - Biography of the Western Qiang", many Qiang people rushed to the battlefield carrying bamboo poles, wooden boards and bronze mirrors.
Moreover, the Qiang people's own organizational capabilities are low, and they don't even have a primitive state apparatus like the Xiongnu group with Shan Yu as the co-leader.
To put it mildly, it's a tribal alliance, but to put it bluntly, it's enough to be considered a rabble.
In order to deal with this gang of thieves, the Eastern Han Dynasty spent 24 billion yuan during the reign of Emperor An alone, and an additional 8 billion yuan during the reign of Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty.
Until Emperor Huan came to power, at least 4.4 billion more money would have to be invested in military spending.
Even if the people continue to applaud this kind of wealthy people and are willing to take over the country, they will still be completely overwhelmed by the heavy burden. Even high-ranking officials are frightened to death and repeatedly complain in court.
Call for abandonment of Liangzhou!
As a result, neither the poor peasants who have faced the earth with their backs to the sky all their lives, nor the naive Confucian scholars who memorized the scriptures of Confucius and Mencius by rote can understand these paradoxical phenomena.
They either believed Zhang Jiao's lies because they were desperate, or they only exchanged their passion for the iron fist of the party to suppress the disaster. In short, they were all confused in fear, and occasionally they lamented the quiet times due to the break between incidents.