Chapter 454: Exceeding the limit, eating with the family
From time to time outside the dining room, the sound of cicadas chirping and birds chirping in the back garden could be heard. Cao Shuang's back garden was very large, far beyond the regulations of the General's Mansion.
But Cao Shuang was a habitual offender in this regard. He almost didn't care about other people's opinions. He just liked to do things that went beyond the rules...
Although the regulations of the General's Palace and the Prime Minister's Palace were already very large, the previous Cao Shuang was still not satisfied, so he had to make them bigger and better.
There are very few people who dare to impeach him without opening their eyes, except for people like Sima Yi who looked down upon others and impeached him in January while he was away.
"All social behaviors of human beings cannot violate the laws of heaven and earth, and must follow the laws of heaven and earth."
From the perspective of the ruling class, the layout, image, specifications and even materials of the building should all reflect "Therefore, there are equal distinctions between high and low, clothes are different, and the court has a position, the people will have to give way." "Etiquette can serve the country for a long time."
, merged with heaven and earth.
The order of the king, the unity of ministers, the kindness of the father, the filial piety of the son, the love of the elder brother, the respect of the younger brother, the harmony of the husband, the gentleness of the wife, and the obedience of the wife, are etiquette."
In Confucianism, the social order of "rituals" that differentiates between upper and lower levels and the regulations, systems, rules and etiquette contained in ancient etiquette culture.
After evolution, etiquette gradually became synonymous with the behaviors, regulations, etc. of the entire ancient Chinese society.
By the Zhou Dynasty, it had evolved into a social order and specific behavioral norms.
Pre-Qin classics are full of regulations on housing specifications, and the most influential among them is "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji".
The book provides detailed regulations on the height, bays, roofs and even the construction of doors of various buildings. In addition, it is also scattered in classics such as "Guoyu" and "Zuo Zhuan".
For example, in "Guoyu", Zhao Wenzi made carvings on the eaves, so that the doctor Zhang Lao "returned without paying a visit" because he was "unavoidable";
There is also a corresponding stipulation in the "Book of Rites": "The emperor's hall is nine feet, the princes are seven feet, the officials are five feet, and the scholars are three feet."
This is only a grade regulation for the height of the building base.
"Book of Rites. Kingship" stipulates: "The emperor has seven temples, the princes have five temples, the officials have three temples, the scholars have one temple, and the common people have sacrifices in their bedrooms."
This is the grade regulation on ancestral temple buildings. It not only limits the number of ancestral temples owned by people of different levels, but also limits the arrangement of the ancestral temple buildings they own. These are grade requirements for the composition and layout of building groups.
In the pre-Qin period, there were strict regulations on the use of colors, such as the color grade of palace pillars, "Ying: Tianzi Dan, princes are dark, officials are blue, and scholars are yellow."
Buildings are generally built according to the identity and status of their owners. Generally speaking, we call this system the "ancient Chinese architectural hierarchy". It appeared as late as the Zhou Dynasty, or even earlier.
Different dynasties have different architectural hierarchies. For example: in the Zhou Dynasty, the height and area of the main hall, the number of doors and the number of rooms in the ancestral temple all showed a decreasing trend. The higher the grade, the higher the main hall and the larger the area.
Large, there are many ancestral temples and it is big, but the opposite is true for small hierarchies.
In addition, the system also stipulates that ordinary people are not allowed to build palaces, and only the residences of the emperor and princes can be built.
The emperor can build a pair of ques and screen walls outside the gate, while the princes can only build one que and screen wall inside the gate.
If the scholar-bureaucrats want to follow this approach, they can use curtains instead of screen walls. In addition, there are also regulations on the color of the buildings: the emperor's residence and ancestral temple can be built with double-eaves verandah roofs, and standard large pillars.
Red, buckets and melon pillars must be added with various colorful paintings;
The princes, officials and scholars could only use two-slope roofs and paint the pillars in three colors: black, green and yellow.
Even in the system, people have different levels of requirements for the scale and precision of rafter processing.
Feudal countries that have existed for thousands of years naturally have a set of strict hierarchical systems. The imperial power with supreme authority must be displayed with the help of ceremonial symbols. Ritual symbols include clothing, dance music, palaces, etc.
Cars and horses, clothing, palaces, utensils, and funerals all have strict grade regulations. If there are existing regulations, there will often be violations of the regulations, which is the problem of exceeding the regulations.
Among all kinds of over-regulation phenomena, the most prominent one is over-regulation in building houses, which cannot be banned from the past to the present.
The problem of "exceeding the rules" has appeared as early as the ancient Zhou Dynasty. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined and the major princes overran the etiquette and laws and despised the central government. For example:
The son of a Westerner from the capital had bright and fresh clothes. He said that the king wanted to indulge the Westerners and make them arrogant, so he did not give them any gifts.
The king's government was so biased and he had no control over his superiors and subordinates. The son of a man in the boat wore the skin of a bear as a fur coat, saying that a lowly person exceeded the control and became extravagantly rich. The son of a man in his private family was appointed as an official by hundreds of officials.
In other words, a villain can be arrogant when he succeeds in his ambition. The decline of Zhou Dao has caused suffering.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was social unrest, the collapse of etiquette and music, and the loss of etiquette systems. Various vassal states often overstepped the rules in etiquette systems and architectural levels:
Offering six feathers is an act of arrogance in the ancestral temple. Carving red couplets with regular script is extravagant. The house in the world is in ruins and is idle...Building three palaces and three terraces in the Chu Palace is to work the people for work and travel, and to control the losses of the people. New work
The south gate has changed. The Pheasant Gate was newly built, and the two temples have not been repaired for a long time, and they are beyond the regulations.
"Zuo Zhuan? The Twenty-Fourth Year of Duke Zhuang" says: "In the spring, it is disrespectful to engrave it in regular script."
This is the etiquette and customs regulations in architecture. When carving the rafters, Mr. Yang Bojun noted: "Engraving is also the standard of Duke Huan. Engraving means carving; the rafters are square."
He also quoted from "Gu Liang Zhuan": In ancient rites, the casters used in the Tianzong Temple were cut and milled, and then finely ground; the casters used in the palaces and temples of the princes were cut and milled without fine grinding;
The cutting is not rough; the scholars used it just by cutting off the roots of the tree. From the emperor to the great officials, no one carves the sticks, nor does they use red lacquered columns, so the red couplets and the carved sticks are not made, so "Zhuan" says "all
It’s also indecent.”
During the Han Dynasty, especially at the end of the Han Dynasty, there was a crisis in the ritual order of the monarch and his ministers, respecting elders and juniors, and violations of the rules occurred from time to time. The core problem of transgression was the violation of the rules in the residence. Chao Cuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, specifically pointed out: "In ancient times, people were close but distant.
The high places are the same but the low ones are not the same. No reward is useless, no nourishment is useless. Nowadays, barbarians have no merit. The magistrate lives in a house with a big house and a big house, where he sits and provides food and clothing."
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! In the Western Han Dynasty, King Wu of Liang Xiao and King Yu of Lu Gong were both good at managing palaces and gardens, and the Lingguang Hall built by King Lu Gong was the most serious.
When he became the emperor in the Western Han Dynasty, the five princes of the Wang family, who were his maternal relatives, "took great control of the house. They built earth mountains, gradual terraces, cave doors, high corridors and pavilions, and even Miwang."
In the fourth year of Yongshi reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, he issued an edict to re-clarify the etiquette norms and hierarchy:
The sage king established the etiquette system to order the superior and the inferior, and the different carriages and uniforms to be virtuous. Although he has wealth, but no respect, he cannot exceed the system... Today's world is extremely extravagant and arrogant, and is full of extravagance.
Among the ministers, princes, relatives, and ministers from all over the world, I have never heard of anyone who cultivates himself, obeys etiquette, and cares about the country. Perhaps he lives in luxury, maintains a large house, manages gardens, keeps many slaves, and is dressed in fine clothes, and sets up bells, drums, and equipment.
Women's music, car clothes, marriage, burial, etc.... Qing is the common clothing of green people, and don't stop it.
This shows that the arbitrary expansion of the scale of the building site, the construction of gardens in the residence, or the installation of bells and drums in the residence, etc., are all typical acts of arrogance and open violation of regulations.
The key to clarifying the system of superiority and inferiority and adhering to the hierarchical order lies first in "the palace, the carriage and the clothes must not exceed the system, the affairs are in order and the wealth is sufficient, and the people and the common people are in harmony".
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the central government was weakened and the power of local governments was expanded. Some feudal officials and local powerful people had more serious problems in their mansions and residences:
At the beginning, (Huang Fu) Song went to Ye to attack Zhangjiao. He saw that Zhao Zhong, the regular servant of the imperial family, had exceeded the control of his house, so he sent him in.
During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liang Ji, the general, lived in an extravagant and extravagant house. He wanted to build a house, and his wife, Sun Shou, "also built a house across the street. They spent a lot of money on the earth and wood, and they competed with each other and even had houses and caves."
The pillars and walls are carved and painted with copper. The windows and doors all have sparse green locks.
The picture shows clouds and fairy spirits. The towers and pavilions are connected around each other, and they look at each other. The flying beams and stone steps, the mausoleum across the waterway... and the garden is wide open, and the soil is collected to build the mountain. The deep forest and the beautiful stream are as natural... and there are many expansions.
Linyuan was forbidden to be the same as the Wang family... Then Tuyuan was built in the west of Henan City, and it ran for dozens of miles. It was sent to the county servants to repair the towers and temples, and it took several years to complete...".
From the above, it can be seen that the arrogance of the system first appeared among the classes and groups of people closely related to the emperor, and it is the same today.
For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, King Wu of Liang Xiao, King Yu of Lu Gong, the five princes of the Wang family, and again in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the great general Liang Ji. In addition, Henan and Nanyang were the residences of the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty and close relatives, so the problem of over-regulation was particularly serious in these places.
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As for the nobles of the capital, it is more common for the wealthy families of Wang Ji to overstep the rules. The most serious acts of overstepping the rules are naturally the large-scale construction of residences and the wanton use of decorations in the residences.
The princes, nobles, and relatives are arrogant and extravagant, but the capital is still doing so. How can they show their distance?
Nowadays, the noble and fortunate families of the four surnames of the foreign relatives, as well as those of the middle-ranking officials and noble families who have no merit, have built tens of thousands of buildings, with interconnected pavilions, paintings, and carved decorations.
Let it work, don't bother to correct it.
But now Zhou Li has long disappeared. There are many officials and big families have built mansions with two towers and one screen wall to show the power of the family, but no one will say anything.
Cao Shuang took another piece of sashimi dipped in ingredients and put it into his mouth and said: "Well, it's rare to have lunch with the three ladies today, so let's not talk about the military affairs for now. Let's eat this lunch first.
You should not have been involved in this matter in the first place."
It took half an hour to eat this lunch. Cao Shuang was very full and very happy because he ate it with his family. If there was a banquet, although it would take longer, there would still be a lot of food in his belly.
Drinks are gone,
I still feel uncomfortable, but in Cao Shuang's position, the banquet is still indispensable, even if it is a little over the standard like a house...