With the martyrdom of Emperor Hongguang, King Lu, and Emperor Longwu, many righteous people lost hope in reviving the Ming Dynasty. Some of them went into exile overseas, some became monks, and some hid in the mountains and became savages.
Suddenly, I heard thunder in a silent place, and the news came that the two Ming vassal princes of Lu Jianguo and Jingjiang Jianguo fought bravely against the Qing Dynasty and fought vigorously.
Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world. How can we do nothing? So they came out to revolt and responded. Just in time, the regent Dorgon was promoting land enclosures, surrendering, fleeing, occupying houses, shaving hair, changing clothes, and six articles. "Benevolent government" forced many Han people to resist.
For a time, fire broke out all over the country, arousing millions of gentry and people.
In addition to the rebels who directly defected to Zhu Hengjia and Lu Jianguo, there were countless uprisings, large and small.
??
First, there was the Xie Qian Uprising in Shandong.
Xie Qian led his troops to attack Gaoyuan, Changshan, Yongchuan and other places. After conquering Yongchuan, he captured and executed the great traitor Sun Zhixian, the former Minister of War of the Qing Dynasty.
This Sun Zhixian is very hateful. When Dorgon first started shaving his hair and changing his clothes, the Han officials in the Qing court were too embarrassed to shave their pigtails. In order to flatter his master, Sun Zhixian was the first to shave. As a result , when he went to court, the Manban ministers said that he was a Han and were not allowed to join the class; the Hanban ministers said that he was dressed as a Manchu and did not want him. He was ashamed and annoyed and reported to Emperor Shunzhi that he should be shaved as soon as possible. Yi Fu. Comments: "Your Majesty pacified China and made everything new, but the system of clothes, hats, and hair only remains the old Han Dynasty. This is because Your Majesty came from China, not from China."
Dorgon took a look and said, you Han people all want to shave your hair and make it easier to obey. It seems that shaving your hair and making it easier to obey has won the hearts of the people! In June of the second year of Shunzhi, he issued the "Hair-Shaving Order" again, stipulating: "For officials and citizens throughout the country, the limit is ten days inside and outside the capital." , Zhili and all provinces and localities have issued a notice on the day and the deadline is ten days, and all of them will have their heads shaved."
Order to shave your hair, heads will roll.
The people of Shandong hated Sun Zhixian, the first traitor who shaved his hair. Xie Qian announced his crime in public, stabbed his body with an awl, inserted his hair, and kept saying with hatred: "I will grow your hair for you!" Zhi Xie knew that public anger was hard to offend and had no reason to live anymore, so he cursed loudly. The rebels sewed his mouth shut and died in Ling Chi. Before his death, they tied up his four grandsons and killed them in front of them. His grandsons and great-grandsons were killed. Everything was clean and tidy. Even so, the people still couldn't understand their hatred, were filled with righteous indignation and cursed endlessly.
After killing Sun Zhixian, Xie Qian was registered in the Qing Dynasty and was called "the biggest thief in Shandong".
??
There were many righteous men in Qilu. In addition to Xie Qian, there were also uprisings led by Ren Qi and Zhang Qi. They were active in Puzhou and Fan County, Caozhou Prefecture, Shandong Province. There were many Yulins in the area, and they were scornfully called "Yulin thieves" by the Qing Dynasty.
The "Yulin Bandits" gathered in the Yulin, numbering in the millions. Not only did they use the dense Yulin as cover, they also created tunnel tactics, digging criss-crossing underground passages for hundreds of miles to attack the Qing army elusively.
By the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuyuan Army had spread to Chaocheng, Guancheng, Yuncheng, Chengwu and other counties, and its momentum was quite large.
??
Not only the common people wanted to revolt, but also a high-ranking official of the Qing Dynasty, Su Song Admiral Wu Shengzhao, wanted to rebel against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. However, he was not motivated by national justice, but was deceived.
"Wu Gong, how is Wu Shengzhao's plan going?"
A middle-aged man about forty years old, wearing a green cloth shirt, stroking his beard and asking, with a graceful demeanor.
This man's surname was Chen, his given name was Zilong, and his courtesy name was Renzhong. He was a native of Huating, Songjiang, South Zhili (today's Songjiang District, Shanghai). He was a Jinshi in the tenth year of Chongzhen and was assigned to Shizhong by the Military Department of Hongguang Dynasty.
Chen Zilong was a well-known scholar in the Ming Dynasty. He was a prominent figure in the society. He claimed to be practical in governing the world and had a great influence among the gentry. He was loyal to the Ming Dynasty and was unswervingly determined to actively participate in and organize the anti-Japanese war in Jiangsu.
Qing movement.
"Ren Zhonggong, don't worry, Wu Shengzhao has already made a move. As soon as my Ming Dynasty Zhoushan Navy arrives, we will immediately take action to capture Su and Song and respond to the supervision of Lu."
The speaker's surname was Dai and his given name was Zhijun, with the courtesy name Wugong and Changzhou Shengyuan. This person once fought against the Qing Dynasty in Taihu Lake together with another righteous soldier Zhou Qian. Wu Shengzhao, the admiral of the Qing Dynasty Su Song, surrounded and suppressed them, but the two were defeated, so they had to
Wu Shengzhao was temporarily demoted. However, the idea of rebelling against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty persisted, so he discussed with Chen Zilong to instigate a rebellion against Wu Shengzhao.
Wu Shengzhao, a native of Liaodong, was Wu Sangui's deputy general in his early years, and later a general under Li Chengdong. After surrendering to the Qing Dynasty, he followed Duo Duo southward and served as the admiral of Susongchang Town.
It is said that the Qing Dynasty treated him well. His old superior Li Chengdong was still the admiral now. He was on equal footing with his former superior so quickly. He was promoted quickly enough. Why did he want to rebel against the Qing Dynasty? He was deceived by Dai Zhijun.
Wu Shengzhao led troops to suppress the Taihu Volunteer Army, and won the battle, forcing Dai Zhijun and Zhou Qian to surrender. It is said that he should be rewarded for his meritorious service. However, this man had a hobby and liked to plunder with troops, and he robbed a handful in the Wujiang County area.
"Complaints were boiling from far and near", Zhang Cunren, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, came to impeach him. As a result, not only did he not receive a reward, but he was fined for six months. Therefore, "his heart was very unhappy and he had strange thoughts every time."
Not to mention, he and his superiors had bad relations with Tu Guobao, the governor of Qingjiangning who was stationed in Suzhou, and there were many frictions. Tu Guobao secretly reported to Hong Chengchou, a scholar in the inner academy, saying that Wu Shengzhao was recruiting traitors and had evil intentions. Hong Chengchou ordered Wu Shengzhao to move.
Zhensongjiang. Wu Shengzhao was squeezed out by Tu Guobao, and became even more dissatisfied. He also had close contacts with Qian Qianyi, a great scholar who cherished the Ming Dynasty and planned to rebel against the Qing Dynasty.
Although Wu Shengzhao was very dissatisfied with the Qing Dynasty, he might lose his head if he rebelled, so he hesitated.
Dai Zhijun decided to give him a push.
In March of the 20th year of Chongzhen's reign in the Ming Dynasty, Dai Zhijun came to Wu Zhaosheng in panic.
"Commander, no luck, trouble is coming!"
"What trouble?"
"Did you and Qian Qianyi drink and chat together last time and make a few complaints?"
"Yes, this is the case."
"Tu Guobao wanted to harm you. He arrested Qian Qianyi and accused him of treason. Qian Qianyi turned you in. Someone will come to arrest you soon. If you don't rebel, your life will be lost."
Wu Shengzhao was shocked and agreed to rebel. He asked Dai Zhijun to contact the anti-Qing forces in Nanming to attack Suzhou and Songjiang together. In fact, there was no need to contact him, as Dai Zhijun himself was from the Ming Dynasty.
Dai Zhijun found Chen Zilong, who contacted Lu Jianguo and granted Wu Shengzhao the title of Uncle Wu and General Pingjiang.
Chen Youlong sent his friend Xia Zhixu as a representative to meet with Wu Shengzhao to encourage him to rebel and change his banner. He also persuaded the Ming army stationed in Zhoushan, mainly Huang Binqing, the Marquis of Sulu, Zhang Mingzhen, the Marquis of Dingxi, and Shen Tingyang, the left minister of the household department of the Zhejiang Province Navy. , Supervisor Zhang Huangyan’s army agreed that on April 15th and 16th, the Zhoushan Navy would arrive at Wusong, and cooperate internally and externally to jointly support the great cause of restoring the Ming Dynasty.
Wu Shengzhao acted according to the plan. On April 16, in the name of meeting on the matter of "going to the lake to suppress bandits", he invited Songjiang Prefecture's coastal defense commander Yang Zhiyi, the official of the criminal investigation, to the admiral's office. He shouted: "Take it." !" Lieutenant General Li Kui immediately led his troops to swarm forward and hacked Yang and Fang to death on the spot. Wu Shengzhao ordered the civil and military officials to cut off their braids to rebel against the Qing Dynasty. He also sent deputy general Zhan Shixun of the Chinese Army, Supervisor Biao, and Gao Yongyi, Commander-in-Chief of the Left Camp Chinese Army, to the seaside to greet Zhoushan. Marine Division.
It’s a pity that God doesn’t follow people’s wishes!
Zhang Mingzhen, Zhang Huangyan, Shen Tingyang, Cai Cong and others led their troops in more than 200 warships, departing from Zhoushan for Songjiang. Unexpectedly, on April 13, a hurricane was encountered in the sea near Chongming, and the ship was overturned. . Shen Tingyang, General Cai Cong and more than ten generals were captured by the Qing army after landing ashore and died; Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan escaped by chance.
Zhan Shixun and Gao Yongyi looked at the sea until dawn and saw no sign of reinforcements. Feeling that something was not going well, they conspired with another deputy general Yang Wenqi, chief officer Shen Lan and others to launch a counterattack. They led soldiers into the Admiral's Yamen, hacked Li Kui to death, and arrested Wu Shengzhao. Lu Jiong was sent to Suzhou and transferred to Nanjing. He also killed Wu Zhu, Dai Zhijun, Qiao Shizhong, Wang Xingbang, Huang Guozhen, Meng Xuexiao and others to silence them.
When the news reached Nanjing, Hong Chengchou discussed with Chen Jin, the governor of Caojiang, and Bashan, the admiral of the Manchu troops guarding Nanjing, and decided to send troops to hunt down the anti-Qing martyrs.
Chen Zilong committed suicide by jumping into the river, and Xia Zhixu hanged himself in the Confucian Temple. Then, the Qing government killed Yang Tingshu, Wu Shengqin, Wu Qi, Lin Kejin, Liu Chenggao, Zuo Shuai, Huang Jinbiao, Qian Yanlin, Gu Xianzheng, who participated in Wu Shengzhao's anti-Qing activities. Xia Wanchun, Qin Hao, Liu Shu and others.
Yang Tingshu was Dai Zhijun's teacher and a native of Wu County. He was a great Confucian and a famous anti-Qing righteous man. After he was arrested, the Qing court wanted to capitalize on his reputation and persuaded him to shave his hair. He replied: " "Beheading is a small matter, but shaving your hair is a big deal." He sacrificed his life generously.
Also killed in this massive manhunt was Yin Zhilu, a member of the Ming Dynasty School.
Zhongshu Sheren, a junior official from the seventh rank.
When Hong Chengchou saw that a junior official from the seventh rank, Sesame, was also rebelling, he taunted Yin Zhiren and said, "You are a high-ranking official in the Ming Dynasty, and you are committing treason?"
It means that you, Yin Zhiren, were a small official as big as a sesame seed and a mung bean in the Ming Dynasty, but you dared to rebel against the Qing Dynasty. It’s ridiculous!
Yin Zhizhi, using Hong Chengchou's original words, ridiculed Hong Chengchou and said: "You are a high-ranking official in the Ming Dynasty, and you have committed treason?"
It means that you, Hong Chengchou, who was such a high-ranking official in the Ming Dynasty, rebelled against the Ming Dynasty and defected to the Qing Dynasty to become a traitor. Shameful!
After hearing this, Hong Chengchou's face turned red with embarrassment and ordered his men to drag him out and behead him.
??
Huaxia, Wang Jiaqin, Tu Xianchen, Yang Wenqi, Yang Wenzan, Dong Deqin, and Dong Zhining conspired to fight against the Qing Dynasty in Ningbo.
Most of them are former ministers of the Lu Supervisory State. In Huaxia, they were appointed as Doctors of the Ministry of War of the Lu Supervisory State, Dong Zhining and Wang Jiaqin were appointed as commentators of Dali Temple, Tu Xianchen was appointed as the director of the Chariot and Driving Department of the Ministry of War, Yang Wenzhan was appointed as the Censor, and Dong Deqin was appointed as the Supervisor and Discipline Officer.
After Lu Jianguo's voyage, they lived in seclusion in their hometown and tried to recover. After getting the news that Lu Jianguo was fighting against the Qing army in Fujian, they naturally wanted to start trouble in Zhejiang and respond to their old master.
In the winter of the 20th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Huaxia, Tu Xianchen, Dong Zhining, Wang Jiaqin, Yang Wenqi and others instigated a rebellion against Ningbo guerrillas Chen Tianchong and Zhong Mo. These two men were once subordinates of Shi Kefa, and they had letters issued by Shi Kefa. They had already rebelled against the Qing Dynasty and restored the Ming Dynasty. The plan is to have Wang Yi and Li Changxiang's troops raid Shaoxing, and once they succeed, they will join forces with Huang Binqing's navy to attack Ningbo. When the time comes, they, Chen Tianchong, and Zhong Mo will cooperate with each other to capture Ningbo.
Unexpectedly, someone snitched.
Xie Sanbin, the deposed gentry of Yinxian County who had not been surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, found out the news and reported it to Chen Mo, who was guarding Ningshaotai Road in Qing Dynasty in November. Chen Mo reported the patrol to Qin Shizhen, and Qin Shizhen hurriedly mobilized nearby garrisons to attack Dalan Mountain, Dongshan and Guan The rebels in various places in Jiangsu formed strongholds, and Wang Yi hurriedly led his troops to move. The Qing army seized the seals, edicts and letters issued by the Minglu Supervisor in Wang Yi's camp.
The Qing government conducted arrests by name based on the revelations of Xie Sanbin's informant and the seized letters. Hua Xia, Tu Xianchen, Dong Deqin, Wang Jiaqin, and Yang Wenzhan were killed one after another, which was known in history as the "Five Gentlemen Overturning the City" battle.
After Hua Xia was arrested, the officials of the Qing Dynasty seized on the words in the secret letter that "the arrangement has been decided and cannot wait until the right time." They tortured him to extract confessions and interrogated his comrades. He refused to recruit him, saying that this was just a false pretense and "there is no way he can do it" We have to talk a lot about it to strengthen our spirit of doing things, but how can we use it as a mere practical arrangement?"
The captive officials didn't believe it and ordered them to clamp him with sticks.
Hua Xia regained consciousness after being knocked unconscious and shouted loudly: "The late Emperor Chongzhen made a plan, Emperor Hongguang commanded the troops, the remaining academicians Fan Jingwen, Sichuan Yushi Chen Liangmo, Nanjing Ministry of Rites and Ceremony Department Chief Huang Duanbo, Hangzhou Prefecture Qiantang County Magistrate Gu Xianjian, Supervisor Guotai Changsi Shaoqing Chen Qianfu and a group of loyal and loyal people (all of whom have died for the country) have arranged it."
In the end, Hua Xia died heroically. The executioner asked him to kneel down to be tortured, but he stood upright and unyielding. After being hit on the foot, he sat cross-legged on the ground and shouted, "The emperor is the third emperor." He also shouted: "Huo eats and plots, and Hao eats and dies", and then
Killed.
The funniest thing is that the whistleblower Xie Sanbin was attracted by Sun Zhixiu, a Qingxunhaidao official, because his family was rich. He was deliberately labeled as an accomplice and arrested and imprisoned in order to benefit his family.
Sun Zhixiu secretly sent someone to tell Hua Xia that this person was the one who reported the secret. You can take revenge by confessing him.
Unexpectedly, Hua Xia refused. He said righteously: "We rebelled against the Qing Dynasty and restored the Ming Dynasty, which is a great good thing that will leave our name in history. Xie Sanbin is a villain and a dog pig. How can he share this good thing?"
Xie Sanbin spent all his wealth and smoothed out his relationships to escape with his life. Harming others will ultimately harm oneself, but betraying friends does not bring glory. Sigh!
??
The two brothers Wang Guangtai and Wang Chang of Hubei rebelled against the Qing Dynasty in Xiangyang and Yunyang areas.
The eldest brother of the two brothers is Wang Guangen, nicknamed Guansuo, and is quite famous. The three brothers originally participated in the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, and were later recruited into the army.
When the Qing army entered Yunyang, Wang Guangen surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Xiangyang. Later, he was falsely accused, arrested, and taken to Beijing to be executed because of a conflict with Pan Shiliang, the Yunyang Fuyuan appointed by the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing government also sent another person to serve as the commander-in-chief of Xiangyang. Wang Guangtai (also known as Wang Er) and Wang Chang (also known as Wang San) knew that the people coming were evil. They led their troops to kill seven or eight thousand people and patrolled Ganwenkui on Jingnan Road.
, Yang Kuang, the magistrate of Xiangyang, Li Shifa, the magistrate, and Pan Chaoyou, the magistrate of Xiangyang, rebelled against the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing court ordered the Minister of Civil Affairs, Kakamu, and others to lead the Manchurian army, and the Han army went to Yunyang to suppress it. The Wang brothers were outnumbered and retreated to Kuidong, becoming one of the "Thirteen Families of Kuidong".
