Since the late Qing Dynasty, there have been various debates in the Chinese cultural world, and literati who have never written a book are embarrassed to go out.
For example, after the defeat of the Opium War, the Westernizationists who advocated "learning from the barbarians and developing skills" and the conservatives who advocated "loyalty, filial piety, etiquette and justice" had heated debates over the introduction of Western learning. These debates first occurred in the court, and then later
As newspapers gradually spread among the people, civilian literati also became red-faced.
It was not until 1898 that Zhang Zhidong eased the contradiction between the two factions with the viewpoint of "Chinese body and Western application", which was unanimously recognized by both the government and the public. Learning from advanced Western science became the consensus of the people.
During the New Culture Movement, the ideas and opinions of Kang Youwei and Gu Hongming, who once represented advanced intellectuals, had become outdated and backward, and they were targeted by new-school literati represented by Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi.
In this protracted new culture debate, vernacular writing became popular, punctuation and Mandarin became standards, and democracy and science moved into the hearts of the general public.
These were two ideological debates that had a profound impact on modern China. The former opened China's eyes to the world, and the latter accelerated the spread of Chinese science and culture.
Perhaps because of overcorrection, some people called for facing up to traditional culture, and a new debate began. The "reconciliation theorists" and the "replacement theorists" quarreled fiercely, and later the "science and metaphysics debate" and "reconciliation of national heritage" emerged.
, are generally a continuation of this debate.
From this debate, we can see the development of modern Chinese thought: stubbornly conservative, learning from the barbarians, developing skills from the Chinese, adapting the West, using all of them, Westernizing, and coordinating the Chinese and the Western...
This is the path of self-evolution of the Chinese nation.
Intellectuals of that era had a psychological perception of being a "scholar". Even if they were wearing single clothes and eating steamed buns, they still had the world in mind. They often gave advice, interfered in politics, criticized the current situation, and played an important role in modern history.
Probably after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the voice of intellectuals was not as strong as before, and the status of "scholar" was also declining.
The debates in the past ten years have become much more fragmented, and are mainly divided into two types: the debate over literary ideas and the debate over political ideas.
There were debates between the Beijing School and the Shanghai School, there were debates between the Lu-Liang School, there were also the New Moon School's bombardment of the Creation Society, left-wing literati angrily attacking imperial literati, and the third type of people challenging left-right and left-wing literary circles... All of these, some of which may seem like personal conflicts, are actually all
It is the differences between literary thought and political philosophy.
Everyone was looking for a way to save the country, but they had different ideas, so they started to quarrel.
Japan's invasion of China gradually unified China's originally fragmented ideological and cultural circles, and intellectuals began to reach a consensus. That is: put aside contradictions and unite to resist Japan!
The establishment of the Chinese nation's united front against Japan was first realized in the ideological and cultural circles.
Don't think that this thing is of no use, it's just a bunch of literati making noises. Thoughts direct actions, and if you want to act in a unified way, you must first unify your thoughts. If your thoughts are unified, and some people don't want to act in a unified way, you must follow the trend of public opinion.
For example, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to join the Communist Party to resist Japan because the entire ideological and cultural circles demanded this.
As early as the spring of 1936, the most aggressive Leftist League took the lead in giving up its original class struggle. The Nanjing government repeatedly banned the "Leftist League", voluntarily announced its dissolution, and proposed the creation of "national defense literature" and "national revolution"
Popular literature of war" slogan.
Subsequently, Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Bing Xin and others jointly signed a publication, advocating that the national literary circles should unite regardless of old or new factions to resist Japan and save the country.
It has been more than half a month since the July 7th Incident broke out, and all kinds of national salvation groups have appeared in the cultural circles across the country.
In Shanghai alone, there are more than 70 groups and organizations, including the Shanghai National Salvation Drama Troupe, the National National Salvation Singing Association, the Art World National Salvation Propaganda Group, the Student Wartime Service Group, the Entertainment Industry National Salvation Association, the Wartime Photography Service Group, and the Shanghai Comics National Salvation Association.
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Almost subconsciously, after people heard the news of the July 7th Incident, they spontaneously united with like-minded people around them to carry out national salvation activities in their respective fields of expertise. Regardless of class, school or school, all intellectuals and literary and artistic people
United under the banner of patriotism.
Zhou Hexuan not only saw the national crisis, but also saw the unyielding spirit of a nation.
The War of Resistance was like a melting pot, into which all kinds of strange ideas and forces were thrown, and finally an immortal artifact called the "soul of the nation" was refined.
As Lenin said: "The war revitalized the nation and awakened the people broadly."
The "Shanghai Literary and Art Circles National Salvation Association" that Zhou Hexuan came to participate in today is composed of more than 70 national salvation groups in Shanghai's cultural and artistic circles. It will bring together the power of the entire Shanghai literary and art circles, including film, drama, comics, music, literature, sculpture, etc.
and other fields.
This founding meeting finally no longer needed to be secretive and secretive, because it received unanimous support from the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and both left and right intellectuals attended. Moreover, most of the operating funds of the Shanghai Literary and Art Circles National Salvation Association were provided by the state.
The party is responsible for providing it.
The framework of the entire association has been determined in advance and is divided into four departments: general affairs, economy, organization and publicity.
The Kuomintang Party is responsible for the General Affairs Department and the Economic Department of the association, which is responsible for overall management and providing funds. The Communist Party is responsible for the Organization Department and Propaganda Department, which is responsible for organizational planning and publicity.
The second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party has not yet begun in terms of military and politics, but it has been realized culturally, and each has found its correct position. Both sides are extremely satisfied with this.
Don’t think that the Shanghai Cultural Circle National Salvation Association only engages in creations, performances, and stands up to shout a few times. It has an actual function of saving the nation. For example, the Organization Department in charge of the Communist Party has a training group, a rescue group, and an alley.
group, work group, etc.
The training group is responsible for training personnel with wartime common sense, such as how civilians should respond when encountering Japanese soldiers, such as how to escape in advance when faced with artillery bombing. The rescue group is responsible for collecting medical supplies and property, and setting up a rescue team to rush to the front line to treat wounded soldiers and civilians. Lilong
The work group is responsible for organizing residents to carry out rescue activities, such as setting up street mutual aid groups, organizing residents to sew clothes for soldiers, etc. The public works group is responsible for relieving unemployed workers during the war, helping unemployed workers re-employ, etc.
Zhou Hexuan and Xu Zhimo attracted everyone's attention as soon as they entered the venue.
"Snap, snap, snap!"
A burst of thunderous applause sounded, and everyone in attendance spontaneously applauded, which was a way to express respect for Zhou Hexuan.
Xu Zhimo took the initiative to stand aside because this moment belonged to Zhou Hexuan.
Zhou Hexuan predicted at the poetry meeting that the Peking Incident would break out within a week. This news has spread throughout Shanghai's cultural circles. In addition, he has hosted magazines for many years and published articles about Japan's imminent full-scale invasion of China. It is accurate when I read it again now.
Incomparable. In addition, he was assassinated by Japanese agents a few months ago for promoting anti-Japanese ideas along the way. These are enough to gain everyone's respect.
Cai Yuanpei, Mrs. Sun and five other people came over.
Mrs. Sun smiled and shook hands and said, "Mr. Zhou, I'll be waiting for you!"
"Hello, Mrs. Sun!" Zhou Hexuan greeted.
Cai Yuanpei shook hands with Zhou Hexuan warmly and said: "Mingcheng, you are finally here! Let me introduce to you, these five are Mr. Pan Gongzhan, Mr. Wu Han, Mr. Zhou Hanmei, Mr. Qian Junduan and Mr. Zhang Zhirang."
Pan Gongzhan, Wu Han and Zhou Hanmei are members of the Kuomintang and serve as the president, general affairs minister and economic minister of the association respectively. Qian Junduan and Zhang Zhirang are pro-communist figures and serve as the organization director and propaganda director of the association respectively.
Yes, the last two are just pro-communists, not real communists. Chiang Kai-shek is still wary of the communists. For example, Zhang Zhirang, the propaganda director of the association, is the elder brother of the Communist Party leader Zhang Tailei and serves as the director of the "Seven Gentlemen" Defense counsel.
By the way, Pan Gongzhan, the president of the association, is also the deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Party, which shows that the Kuomintang attaches great importance to this association.
Everyone shook hands and exchanged greetings for a while. Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Hu Yuzhi, Ouyang Yuqian, Zhou Jianyun, Shen Zijiu and others also came over to say hello to Zhou Hexuan.
After a while, Hu Shi also came and stood in the corner chatting with Xu Zhimo.
Hu Shi's current thoughts are very contradictory. On the one hand, he is thinking about peaceful negotiations, and on the other hand, he is busy trying to save the nation. Or in his view, the two are unified. Only peaceful negotiations can save China, while war can only make China doomed.
