Since he is already an international leader in the field of history, Zhou Hexuan naturally has to talk about something new. Otherwise, how can he control the group of big cows and little cows in the audience?
He continued what he just said: "History can be interpreted from different aspects, and people look at history from different angles. This perspective is called the historical view, also called the 'historical view'. For example, communists,
Just call their view of history 'materialist view of history' and call other people's view of history 'idealist view of history'."
When Zhou Hexuan mentioned communists, some scholars began to frown, because they respected the Three People's Principles, but no one had interrupted Zhou Hexuan's lecture yet.
"Let me summarize it," Zhou Hexuan wrote several rows of words on the blackboard and explained one by one, "First of all, let's talk about the orthodox view of history, which is the mainstream in the field of history and represents the view that most people hold on historical events.
Common understanding and viewpoints. For example, the European Renaissance movement is recognized as breaking the darkness of the Middle Ages; another example is the Great Navigation Movement, which meant the advent of the colonial era and had a profound impact on modern China. There are also some historians here,
Most of your views on history belong to the orthodox view of history."
Jin Yufu, Shen Gangbo, Guo Tingyi and others all nodded, agreeing very much with Zhou Hexuan's point of view.
"Let's talk about the social view of history," Zhou Hexuan pointed at the blackboard. "This view of history mainly observes history from a social perspective and focuses on analyzing broad social issues, including all issues other than politics, economy, and culture. For example, social changes
History, the history of social daily life, the history of social customs, the history of social architecture, the history of family and marriage, the history of population mobility, etc. It does not conflict with the orthodox view of history, but explains and tolerates each other, and is a supplement to the orthodox view of history.
In the West, the social history concept emerged during the Enlightenment period, while in China it is older but not systematic. I think the Book of Songs can be regarded as a historical work with the social history concept. It records many customs in the pre-Qin era. But "The Book of Songs" can be regarded as a historical work with a social history concept.
The Book of Songs is only a record without analysis and research. If scholars now explain the Book of Songs from a historical perspective, they will use a social historical perspective to interpret pre-Qin history. This is an interesting topic, and some domestic historians are already doing it.
, but it has not yet achieved huge influence.”
These words made some ordinary history professors and students excited because they found a new research direction.
Zhou Hexuan continued: "The next step is the heroic view of history, which emphasizes the absolute role of individuals in history. Regardless of the East or the West, early historical research is all about this view of history. Communists regard this view of history as an idealist view of history. , in fact, it makes sense. The British historian Carlyle said: 'The history of the whole world is actually the external and material result of the thoughts of the great people who were born in this world.' Mr. Liang Qichao of my country also said: 'History It is the stage for heroes, and there is almost no history without heroes.’ In my opinion, although heroes are very important, they cannot be regarded as the whole of history. This view of history is very one-sided.”
Zhou Hexuan added: "Let's talk about Marx's historical materialism. This school studies history as a science and summarizes a set of historical development laws. That is, productivity determines production relations, and the economic base determines the superstructure. If the superstructure and production relations
If the development of productive forces is restricted, then social revolution will usher in. This historical view can very clearly explain major historical processes, such as the history from the Pre-Qin era to the Qin and Han Dynasties, which can probably be regarded as the productivity revolution from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age.
.”
"Then there is the modernization historical view. This historical view has appeared in both the West and China, but it has not yet formed a specific school. The modernization historical view believes that the process of human society transforming from agricultural society to industrial society is the evolution process of modernization.
Including economic industrialization, urbanization, political democratization, legalization, cultural rationalization, scientificization, popularization and popularization, as well as the equality and secularization of social life. The types of modernization can be summarized as follows:
Style and conductivity, capitalism and socialism. For example, Britain, France and the United States are the original style, capitalist modernization, Soviet Russia is the original style, socialist modernization, China and Japan are currently both conductive style, capitalist modernization."
Guo Tingyi's eyes lit up after hearing this. This gentleman was known as the "Pioneer of Modern Chinese Historiography" in later generations. He is now studying the modern history of China. His research stance on modern history is an orthodox historical view. In addition,
Apart from that, there was nothing new, and Zhou Hexuan pointed out a path for academic research for him at this moment.
Zhou Hexuan said again:
"There is also a personal view of history. Through the study and understanding of history, individuals have ideological inspiration and use it to guide their own actions. This is what Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, said, taking history as a mirror to know the ups and downs. This view of history,
It is meaningful to everyone, and it is also meaningful to the development of the country. For example, the country organizes a historical institute to study the development of great powers, which in turn brings enlightenment to the development of the country."
"The two classes I want to teach today are "History of Human Civilization" and "General History of the World." The former represents the perspective of civilization history, and the latter represents the perspective of global history."
"The view of civilization history believes that human history is the history of the evolution of human civilization, telling the development and evolution of history and civilization. It abandons local microscopic history and regards human history as a vertical development line from a macro perspective. It has great influence on anthropology, sociology,
Political science is very enlightening.”
"As for the global historical perspective, I said that the essence of the global historical perspective lies in the global world and studying human history as a whole. For example, to understand the current situation of China, we must not only study the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also study the history of Western countries.
Navigation, colonial movement, industrial revolution, world market, etc., put China in the context of the entire world history and examine it from a broad perspective. Why did Japan invade China? Why did the European and American powers implement appeasement policies? And why China will win the war of resistance
?These can all be studied and explained using a global historical perspective. Well, it seems that some friends are surprised because I said that China must win the war of resistance. Why must it win? I will explain it in detail in future courses."
Some students on the spot couldn't help it anymore and raised their hands and said: "Sir, just talk about it today, just talk about the reasons why China will win the war of resistance."
"Yes, Mr. Zhou, please speak quickly."
"You analyze it for us!"
"Sir, please!"
"..."
There were shouts in the auditorium, and even many professors and lecturers were staring at Zhou Hexuan, wanting to see what kind of truth he would say.
"Then let me talk about it in advance?" Zhou Hexuan said with a smile.
"Come on, I can't wait!"
The crowd shouted.
Zhou Hexuan elaborated: "China must win the war of resistance, and we have to start with the colonial movement and the industrial revolution..."