The development of education during the Anti-Japanese War had two most significant achievements.
First, the focus of national education has gradually shifted from higher education before the war to primary education, mainly the popularization of compulsory education and literacy.
The national government explicitly stipulates that every town and town should have a central primary school, and every town should have a national school, including three parts: children, adults, and women, so that public education and compulsory education can be integrated.
Of course, friends who don’t like the Kuomintang can also accuse the Nationalist government of blaming the blame. Because primary education is run by local governments and the main funds are raised by local governments, the central government only allocates a certain amount of subsidies every year.
However, after 1940, due to local financial difficulties, the Executive Yuan and the Supreme Committee for National Defense issued regulations to include primary education funds as "special funds" in the budget, and strictly prohibited local governments from misappropriating them without authorization. This move greatly improved the The popularity of primary education has increased, and the central government has correspondingly increased funding for primary education.
Second, secondary and higher education gradually transformed from pre-war elite education to civilian education, breaking the knowledge monopoly to a certain extent.
In the past, those who could go to university, except those majoring in normal education, basically belonged to the children of wealthy families, or at least from well-off families. There were very few college students from poor families.
However, during the Anti-Japanese War, due to a large number of students moving inland with the schools, many lost their source of livelihood. Let alone asking them to pay tuition, it was difficult to provide food and clothing.
So the national government adopted a "loan" system, which simply means granting student loans to students. These loans actually do not need to be repaid. Later, "publicly funded students" replaced the "loan" system, and public high schools and other schools were directly responsible for the government. Feed students.
The loan system and the public funding system allowed countless poor children to attend middle schools and universities for free. This situation was impossible before the war. Later, the backbone of society from the 1960s to the 1970s, whether in New China or Taiwan, Some of them benefited from the loan system and public funding system for education during the war.
Although students generally eat junk food, at least they can have enough to eat, and at least they can study, right? We really can't be too demanding in this regard. After all, the country's financial difficulties are difficult, and the money spent on raising students every year is enough to support several elite teachers. .
During the entire period of the All-out Anti-Japanese War, education funding was second only to war funding, and even much higher than the budget for developing agriculture and industry.
That's why Chen Lifu later had the confidence to say: "I have asked myself for seven years whether the Minister of Education is worthy of the people of the country."
You can imagine the scene back then. From the top of the government to the bottom of society, the Chinese people gritted their teeth and persisted in the war of resistance while doing their best to develop education. It was like a poor family who was bullied outside and hungry at home, but they were tightened The waistband is used for children to read, which seems to show a hint of expectations for the future.
This kind of educational work is not only carried out in the rear area, but also in the occupied areas occupied by Japan, the government has established 102 educational guidance areas, covering 18 provinces and 6 cities. It has dispatched a large number of education cadres to the occupied areas to engage in open or secret educational activities. Contact and recruit primary and secondary school teachers in enemy-occupied areas, eliminate the enslavement education that resisted the Japanese, and actively guide high school graduates in occupied areas to go to the rear to attend college.
Of course, overall, wartime education achieved remarkable results, but for specific teachers and students, there were various shortcomings. The wages were too low, the food was too poor, the conditions were too harsh... teachers and students had too much to complain about. .
Especially in universities, the government vigorously promotes party-oriented education and forces school leaders to join the party collectively. How can gentlemen who pursue academic freedom endure this?
Take the Southwest Associated University as an example. From the school leaders to the department heads, they will take the initiative to issue you a KMT membership card whether you like it or not. Some people are indifferent to this, while others are firmly opposed to it, such as Wen Yiduo.
.
Nankai principal Zhang Boling's attitude was to hide when he could. When he heard that someone was coming to issue party membership certificates, he immediately ran away. When people blocked him at home to persuade him to join the party, Zhang Boling tried to deal with it by making fun of him, and even Kong Xiangxi and others came to lobby him.
Useless.
But Zhang Boling finally joined the party.
Half a month ago, Kuomintang Secretary-General Wu Tiecheng visited in person and put a party membership card on the table when he took it away. Zhang Boling wanted to return it, but when he opened the card and looked at it, he found that the column of the person who introduced him to the party said "Chang Kaishen".
He could only accept it with a wry smile.
…
A few days after Tao Xingzhi left, Zhang Boling also came to Zhou Mansion.
Zhang Boling did not come to Zhou Hexuan to raise funds. Although Nankai Middle School and Nankai Primary School are private and cannot receive "loan" support from the central government, Zhang Boling is not short of money at all. He is a master of making money. Zhang Xueliang used to be in charge
People in North China rushed to donate to him, and now Chang Kaishen also takes the initiative to donate to him.
When all institutions were short of funds, Zhang Boling even had the money to take over other schools. For example, he merged Zigong's Shuguang Middle School into the Nankai system three years ago.
Zhou Hexuan cupped his fists and said, "What kind of wind brought Mr. Boling here?"
Zhang Boling joked: "I'm here to visit the students' homes."
Little Wei Lie was promoted to Nankai Middle School last year and completed his first year of high school. He will be a sophomore in high school next semester.
Of course it was just a joke to do a home visit or something, the summer vacation is almost over now.
Zhou Hexuan said: "The dog is naughty and troublesome to Principal Zhang."
Zhang Boling laughed loudly: "If everyone can be like your noble master, I hope there will be a few more naughty students. Although I don't go to the school often, every time I go to inspect, I hear the teachers say that Nankai Middle School
A genius emerged."
"His liberal arts skills are still not good." Zhou Hexuan shook his head repeatedly.
Zhang Boling also stopped smiling: "Indeed. I personally reviewed Wei Lie's last semester's test papers. His Chinese proficiency is not enough to graduate from junior high school. It's time for him to work harder."
Zhou Hexuan said: "I will not allow him to skip another grade."
After chatting for a while about children, Zhang Boling finally got down to business. He clasped his fists and said seriously: "Mingcheng, Southwest Associated University has received the supplies you sent. Principal Mei wrote a letter to me to express his gratitude in person."
"It's just a thought." Zhou Hexuan said.
"No matter what, Mingcheng's move helped the Southwest Associated University solve practical difficulties." Zhang Boling said.
The two hadn't seen each other for a long time, and each chatted about their current situation, the current situation, and various interesting things in the education and academic circles.
Zhang Zhengquan is Zhang Daqian. Zhou Hexuan said: "I met him once in Tianjin. What's wrong?"
Zhang Boling said angrily: "I just came back from Chengdu, and I heard Director Feng Hanji of the Sichuan Provincial Museum talk about something. Director Feng received a letter of complaint a few days ago, accusing Zhang Zhengquan of wantonly destroying and defacing Dunhuang murals.
Caused huge irreparable losses."
This is a stain that is difficult to erase in Zhang Daqian's life. Zhou Hexuan knew a little about it before traveling through time, but did not understand the specific situation.
"Is this true?" Zhou Hexuan asked.
Zhang Boling said: "We don't know the authenticity yet, but the person who wrote the whistleblower letter is not an unknown person, and I'm afraid he will not speak lightly. Zhang Zhengquan has close contacts with important officials in the government, and is a close friend of Mr. Yu Youren. Without obtaining
With enough evidence, no one dares to touch him, and it's not even easy to directly condemn him in the newspaper."
Zhou Hexuan asked: "Who wrote the letter to report?"
Zhang Boling said: "Wei Juxian."
"That should be true." Zhou Hexuan said.
Wei Juxian is the second class student of Tsinghua Academy of Chinese Studies. He studied under Liang Qichao, Chen Yinke, Wang Guowei, Zhao Yuanren, Li Ji and others. He also served as the director of the Nanjing Antiquities Preservation Institute. He is also a famous archaeologist.
Zhang Boling said: "Wei Juxian was preparing to return to Sichuan from Dunhuang. He had no ability to stop Zhang Zhengquan. The Sichuan Provincial Museum also had to wait for him to return and obtain definite evidence before daring to speak out and condemn him."
"Let me go and take a look." Zhou Hexuan said.
If we wait foolishly for Wei Juxian to return to Sichuan, the day lilies will be cold.
Historically, the Sichuan Museum was unable to stop Zhang Daqian and could only write a letter to the Central Museum to report. The Central Museum took this very seriously and asked the Ministry of Education to organize an inspection team to Dunhuang. By the time the inspection team arrived in Dunhuang, Zhang Daqian had already continued to destroy Dunhuang.
Mural all year round.
However, Zhang Da had thousands of hands and eyes, and even the Ministry of Education inspection team was unable to stop him. He continued to mess around in Dunhuang for several months before leaving on his own.
