Boom, Fernando in the study heard a gentle knock on the door.!
"So early?" Fernando stared at Lucien with slightly cloudy red eyes, suddenly feeling subconsciously vigilant and wary of his abnormality.
Lucien lowered his head and smiled: "I finished writing the paper just before the sun rose, so I came directly here."
"What paper?" Fernando had a more dangerous premonition. This did not come from the Destiny Star, but was the "crystallization of wisdom" condensed from the same situation many times. "Is it subversive?"
Lucien thought for a while and nodded affirmatively: "Yes, but it is only based on the observation of a large number of experimental results. There is no strict proof. It does not rule out that it will be overturned or covered by other theories that include these observed phenomena in the future."
"Bring it here." Fernando breathed a sigh of relief. In this way, no matter how subversive the theory was, he would not be able to blow his head off without decisive proof.
Lucien took out a paper and handed it over. When Fernando saw the title, his expression immediately changed.
""Probabilistic Interpretation of Wave Functions."" He read out the title of this paper word by word, and vaguely guessed the content. During this period, a large number of electron scattering, diffraction and other experiments he had done seemed to indicate
The fact that Oliver's interpretation of the wave function cannot be consistent with some experimental results seems to mean something.
Looking through the paper, Fernando read without saying a word. The atmosphere around him became more and more depressing, as if a real storm was about to come.
Suddenly, before he finished reading the paper, he raised his head, countless electric lights flashed in his red eyes, and he said in an extremely dangerous way: "You mean that the wave function is not a wave in the normal sense, but a probability wave?"
Lucien met the teacher's dangerous gaze without fear: "Yes, through observing a large number of experimental results and introducing the content of Cloy statistics in the field of molecular motion, we can describe the wave function like this, which characterizes the electron
The probability of appearing at a certain location in space.”
Fernando seemed to be suppressing great anger: "Then the probability that it has a definite location on the receiving sensor screen is 100%!"
There is no doubt about this. Every arcanist has seen the experimental phenomenon of electrons being emitted onto the induction screen and stimulating fluorescent spots. Its position is certain and certain.
Lucien could understand the teacher's mood and said seriously: "For example, when we toss a coin without knowing the external conditions, during the whole process, we can only say that there is a certain possibility that it will turn heads, but when it
After falling to the ground, the result has been determined and will not change. The probability is naturally 100%. We are talking about electrons before observation, not electrons whose results have been determined after observation."
Having said that, Fernando understood better and his mood eased slightly, and he grasped the key point: "Before the observation? After the observation? Then before we observe, according to your interpretation, the electron will likely appear at any position in the space, just in a certain position.
Which places are more likely to appear?"
He could not imagine the existence of electrons at all!
For the coin, Fernando can accept it without any hindrance. It is the front and the back is constantly changing. This has different landing possibilities. But as for electrons, since it describes the probability of spatial position, it is possible anywhere. Doesn't this mean that
At the same moment, it could be here, it could be there, it could be everywhere?
This is more absurd and unbelievable than any magic!
At least so far, except for the unknowable god-like level, no magician can create such magic and let himself exist in a similar state!
Lucien made an analogy: "Before observation, the electron is like an illusory cloud without entity. It permeates the space everywhere. It is the thickest place among all possible superposition states. It is the most probable place for its appearance.
It’s a big location, but it doesn’t mean that after observation, it will definitely appear here.”
"Before observation, electrons are things that we cannot imagine. They are contradictory yet unified monsters with wave-particle duality. Therefore, we cannot use the original concepts to imagine its state. This is meaningless. We can only learn from what we can
Described by rigorously verified experimental results.”
Fernando pressed his lips tightly, as if whenever he opened his mouth, he would roar.
Lucien further said: "Actually, teacher, you should have observed through magic experiments. When we improve the magic array and reduce the number of electrons emitted at one time, we can see that the first thing that appears is not the diffraction image, but the chaotic electrons.
As the number of electrons in the sensing light spot increases, it gradually forms a diffraction image, why?"
"This is because it is impossible to know exactly where a single electron will appear after diffraction. It is a probability. We can only describe that it is more likely to appear here. Therefore, a small number of electrons will appear in a chaotic state, but when the number is large enough, the overall
It conforms to the probability distribution. There are more electrons in some places and less electrons in other places, so light and dark are mixed, and a diffraction image appears."
"Just like when we toss a coin seven or eight times, we cannot accurately predict in advance how many times the coin will come up heads, but when the number of coin tosses reaches hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands, the number of times it will come up heads should be half
about!"
"If we can one day improve the magic circle to only emit one electron at a time, then things will be clearer."
"Probability, probability!" Fernando's expression was a little distorted, as if he wanted to eat the probability.
He didn't need Lucien to explain the common sense of probability to him. This was one of the areas he knew best and was good at as an authority in thermodynamics. At this time, he suddenly realized that the electron diffraction experiments he had done during this period were indeed like Lu!
In other words, before there are not enough electrons, the light spots are chaotic.
Such a clear picture made his hands tremble slightly, and the strong wind blew around him, blowing the papers in the study: "Before observation, electrons were clouds of probability that filled the space? After observation, they had a certain
The material at the location? What happened in between?”
Lucien turned a blind eye to the strong wind and was as calm as the God of Death announcing the outcome: "The wave function collapsed, from the diffuse cloud of probability to a small point with a definite position. Observation led to the collapse of the wave function. Before the observation, what was the electron's state?"
What form it takes has nothing to do with us and has no meaning!"
"Observation causes the wave function to collapse?" Bang, a bolt of lightning illuminated the study room and destroyed a statue. Fernando stood up suddenly and looked at Lucien menacingly, "Our observation caused the electron to change its shape?
"
Lucien nodded and said: "Teacher, what are our observation methods based on? Seeing things is due to reflected light, hearing sounds is due to the ripples of air vibration, and in the microscopic field, even the slightest observation method, such as
Photons can also disturb electrons, which means that our observation of microscopic particles will inevitably lead to changes in them."
"Interaction of microscopic particles?" Fernando's face improved a little, and he probably understood why observation would lead to the collapse of the wave function. As for the previous probability cloud, which was incomprehensible and unimaginable, he decided to ignore it for the time being and pointed directly at Lucien's probability.
The core of the interpretation is that "the activity of tossing a coin can strictly know the result of each time by knowing various external conditions. Therefore, it is not a real probability, but a pseudo probability. There is a cause and effect, and all initial states are strictly and uniquely determined."
The final result is the foundation of the star system and the foundation of the entire arcana and magic!"
"The probability shown by electrons is also pseudo-probability. Is it affected by external conditions that we have not yet discovered?"
His voice was trembling, and there were more and more signs that a storm was about to begin in the study.
Lucien shook his head firmly: "At least there is currently no phenomenon indicating the influence of external conditions. For the time being, we can only say that probability waves are the essential attributes and intrinsic properties of electrons!"
"Say it again!" Fernando finally roared, and lightning and thunder began to appear, creating a doomsday-like scene in the study.
The reason why arcana and magic are fascinating, and the reason why generations of magicians and arcanists have devoted their youth, talents and lives to exploring the reality of the world is because they believe that the world has essential laws and that everything is governed by these laws.
It operates strictly, such as the sun rising in the east and setting in the west, the movement of celestial bodies, wind and rain, biological growth, elemental reactions, the mysteries of matter, and atomic structure. As long as you understand the essential laws, you can truly master them.
they!
But now, Lucien's interpretation of probability seems to be mocking this kind of exploration, because the essential law of the world is actually "probability". Even if we understand more of the laws of the world and reach the limit of life, we can only predict that electrons will appear here.
is the most likely, and it is impossible to accurately describe where it will appear.
This denies the basis of star system prophecy! It also denies the basis of arcana and magic for exploring the laws of the world!
Lucien pointed to the paper and looked at the roaring teacher seriously. Due to the crackling of lightning, the elemental skin was naturally activated on his body: "There are relevant explanations in the paper."
Fernando lowered his head and looked at one paragraph of the paper:
"In the past, we believed that as long as we knew all the current factors, we could strictly deduce or determine the outcome of the matter. Whatever the cause, there would be the outcome. And this process is reversible, that is to say,
Whatever the effect is, there will be whatever the cause is. Arcanists call this determinism and the law of cause and effect.
"I like to define it more strictly. The real law of causation is the law of causation on the time line. The cause must precede the effect, so the previous generalized law of causation is best called determinism."
"Now, what I want to say is that there may be a problem with determinism here."
"Is there a problem with determinism? Is there a problem with the law of causality?" Fernando looked at Lucien with stormy eyes and roared loudly amidst the roar of thunder, "Tell me, is the sun's trajectory a probability?"
Boom!
"Tell me, is our own existence a probability?"
Boom!
"You tell me, even if we have built a magic spell model in our souls and fully mastered every detail of it, and our mental power is abundant, casting magic is still a process of fighting probabilities?"
"Absurd! Ridiculous!"
Amidst bursts of thunder and flying lightning, there is a vast universe behind Lucien. The planets inside are composed of protons and neutrons of different colors, and the artificial planets surrounding them permeate the space and are everywhere.
, but when you look carefully, they are definitely at one point.
Rumble!
The thunder hell was mixed with the atomic universe. Lucien looked at his teacher Fernando without flinching:
"At least in the microscopic realm, determinism must die!"
Snap, a thick bolt of lightning flashed across the sky and spread out of the window.