"After introducing the parliament, the next step is to give a brief introduction to the functions of the government. The prime minister, the supreme chief executive of the imperial government, is voted by the lower house of parliament and takes office after being approved by the upper house. In theory, it must also be approved by the emperor, but since the second social revolution
The emperor has never rejected a candidate for prime minister elected by vote. The prime minister has the following powers: 1. Dissolve parliament; 2. Can propose legislative motions to parliament; 3. Represent the government in parliament to defend the government's major policies; 4. Appointment
Central government departments and provincial chief executives can also ask them to resign, but they need approval from Congress (senior officials need approval from provincial councils); 5. Preside over cabinet meetings and decide on the agenda of the cabinet; 6. Decide on the division of powers among ministries and the establishment of ministries,
Merger and abolition; 7. Provide general guidance to the business of various ministries, resolve disputes between ministries, etc.”
"Government departments have also undergone major adjustments. When resetting government departments, the empire made extensive reference to the system of the country at that time. The country has a long tradition of nobles and monarchs discussing politics; after the rise of the capitalists, England was the first to have social
A revolutionary country. In this regard, it indeed went further than the Ming Dynasty at that time, and it is worth learning from."
"First of all, the Ministry of Personnel was abolished. In the modern system, the powers of central government departments and provincial chief executives have been greatly expanded, and the Ministry of Personnel, which was originally used to limit their power, became no longer necessary and was abolished. The Ministry of Rites was reorganized into
The Etiquette Committee is no longer a government department, but has become a subordinate agency of the Clan Council, which is specifically responsible for matters related to the royal family."
"The Ministry of Punishment and Dali Temple were reorganized into the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Police, and the power of judgment was transferred to the Upper House of Congress; the Ministry of Industry was split into many departments, such as the Ministry of Construction,...;..."
"There have been very few changes in military-related departments. It can even be said that from Emperor Zhao's reform in the 48th year of Fuxing and the 7th year of Jianye to the present, there have been almost no changes in more than 400 years. Only the Governor's Office was renamed the Military Commission, and the
The General Office has been added as a department for releasing information to the outside world and conducting military exchanges with foreign countries or dependent countries. There are no other changes."
"The power of local governments has been expanded. After all, after the establishment of railway transportation and cable telegraph systems throughout the country, it is impossible for rebellion or separatism to succeed without widespread support from local public opinion. There is no need to go too far like in ancient times.
Prevention. Starting from 365, a tax-sharing system was officially implemented. Prefectures, counties, provinces, and the central government each have a fixed tax source, and can carry out the construction of public facilities, independently recruit civil servants, implement social welfare, etc. Of course, they must be approved by the parliament."
"Gradually establish a complete primary school, middle school, and university education system. Before the Ming Dynasty, the Kingdom of Prussia had begun to establish a similar education system, but it was only for the Junker nobles, and for the common people later than the Ming Dynasty. We are not very accurate now.
They know why the leaders who restored order in the empire did this, perhaps to provide more skilled workers for industry, or perhaps to select outstanding talents from ordinary people. In short, they established a complete education system and had a profound impact on future generations.
Tremendous influence."
"..."
"However, the biggest changes compared with the past are the following two aspects: the reform of the legal system and the establishment of a large number of state-owned enterprises. All the above reforms are not as big as the changes in these two aspects."
"The judicial function is completely separated from the administrative system, and courts are established at the county, prefectural and provincial levels. The courts are divided into three categories: civil courts, criminal courts and summary courts. Among them, the summary courts are responsible for hearing civil cases involving an amount of less than 50,000 yuan.
Disputes or administrative penalties. In order to reduce litigation costs in summary courts and ensure fairness, all civil disputes must be concluded within one month, and administrative penalties must be decided in court; lawyers are not allowed, and all cases must be privately prosecuted by both parties; evidence must be produced
The requirements are relatively simple. Only the prefecture and county levels have summary courts, and they are not established at the provincial level."
“Summary courts have made it easier for people to handle disputes, but they have also led to many ridiculous things. For example, in the early days of the establishment of summary courts, they often had to hear disputes over women at the wet market who took one more egg and one less vegetable. The court was overwhelmed with trouble.
However, it cannot be turned away. Moreover, this kind of dispute does not involve proof at all, and it is difficult to ensure that the judgment is accurate. In order to decide such a case as quickly as possible, the judge simply used the method of drawing lots, and whoever was drawn won. Later, this
This judgment method was leaked, causing a public uproar. Fortunately, when it was leaked, people would no longer go to the summary court to sue over an egg, otherwise the angry people would tear down the summary court."
"State-owned enterprises first appeared in the Jianye period. When Taizu was in power, there was no institution similar to a modern factory. There were only individual craftsmen, divided into official and civilian types. They were recruited when the country needed to build projects or make tools.
Craftsmen worked. After Emperor Zhao came to the throne, he creatively set up a steel factory, which was the first modern factory to appear."
"The steel factory was first a state-owned factory, but Emperor Zhao carried out reforms in the 49th year of the Restoration and the 8th year of Jianye, converting most of the factories and mines into private enterprises. However, these factories were private enterprises in name, but in fact they were private enterprises.
Noble enterprise. All shares belong to the emperor and the nobility, and the shares cannot be transferred."
“After the first social revolution, newly emerging big capitalists took shares in these enterprises and made huge profits by lowering workers’ wages and raising the prices of some products with higher technical content. After the second social revolution, for
To ensure social fairness and allow the country to have more financial resources to implement social welfare, the leaders who rebuilt the empire turned many enterprises into state-owned or state-controlled enterprises."
"I see." Seeing this, Yun muttered: "Let me tell you, how come there are two promotion methods for college students as rulers, one is as a member of parliament/administrative official, and the other is as a state-owned enterprise. It turns out that even if such a system is implemented
, it is also different from the Fu state, which is still dominated by the state. In other words, power still controls capital, rather than capital controlling power like the Fu state."
After muttering this sentence, he stopped to drink a glass of water, then swatted the fly swatter to kill two flies that had been interfering with his reading, and then continued to read.
"..., after introducing the political system of the empire, I would like to introduce the formation of imperial party politics."
"When the new electoral system was first implemented, there were no political parties. The elected candidates in the cities were all so-called 'good people' with relatively good reputations, while those elected in the countryside were all gangsters and bullies. During this period, the countryside was also very dark.
, the feudal big families and local nobles in the past were wiped out, and most of the peasants were timid and fearful, often frightened by gangsters and bullies, and voted for them half voluntarily and half involuntarily; the central and provincial inspection departments suddenly
It’s hard to police the countryside.”
"Later, during the second social revolution, the nobles who fled to other places and even overseas Hanzhou returned to their hometowns one after another. Those who had not had deep collusion with the capitalists before the revolution and whose reputation in their hometowns was not too bad retained their noble titles. They and the newly enfeoffed nobles
They took control of the countryside together, and although they could not run for membership in the House of Commons, the rural legislators basically listened to them."
“However, as people become more educated and their lives become better and better, they no longer care about the melons and jujubes. Gradually, more and more people begin to seriously think about the meaning of the votes in their hands and begin to think about themselves.
What kind of policies do you want the government to implement, and what kind of people should you choose to become a member of parliament.”
"From then on, candidates began to hold large rallies, seriously explain their political opinions to voters, and also began to attack their competitors; the parliament really became meaningful. Several great men who were already old and frail saw this scene
Very happy, Duke Zhang Ziqian of Xuan Kingdom said happily: 'The system we established has finally begun to work.'"
"The political opinions of the candidates vary, but they can be roughly summarized into three categories: favoring civilians, favoring business owners, and advocating a balance between civilians and capitalists. Gradually, members of Congress who hold the same views united and formed
political party."
"The earliest political party to emerge was the Labor Party. It was rebuilt after the revolution. Congressmen with union backgrounds from all walks of life across the country were the first to unite and establish the Labor Party. The Labor Party's ideas are very simple: to increase workers' wages and improve workers' welfare, and workers cannot be fired at will. Because
After all, there were many civilians but few wealthy people. At that time, the Labor Party had a large number of MPs and a strong momentum, and the proposals were basically passed."
"Soon, a political party that favored business owners was also born. This is the Republican Party. The Republican Party believes that the interests of business owners should also be paid attention to. However, this idea cannot win the support of the majority of people, and they themselves know it; in order to fight against the Labor Party,
Uniting the general public, the Republican Party raised the banner of nationalism and proposed that the contradictions between countries are greater than the contradictions between business owners and workers in the same country. National policies must ensure that domestic products are sold overseas when compared with national products.
To be more competitive, we cannot blindly increase labor costs."
"In addition to business owners, the Republican Party's ideas have also won the support of some white-collar workers. Because the Republican Party's ideas are completely opposite to those of the Labor Party, which represents workers, there is no room for reconciliation. Members of the two parties often bicker in meetings, and even
They yelled at each other and broke things. The House of Lords had to amend its rules of procedure several times to prevent them from fighting."
“Subsequently, a centrist political party, the Solidarity Party, was born. The Solidarity Party advocates striking a balance between the interests of workers and business owners. The Solidarity Party’s supporters are mainly small shopkeepers and vendors, who either do not employ employees or employ very few people.
, which is the so-called petty bourgeoisie. Even if the petty bourgeoisie is also a bourgeoisie, of course they will not support the Labor Party; but they cannot gain advantage in bargaining with employees, and they will not support the Republican Party. They can only support the Solidarity Party.
"
"For many years after the birth of the Unity Party in 390, although there were some other small parties, they were all insignificant and had very few members, forming a situation where the three parties coexisted. Sometimes the Labor Party was dominant, sometimes the Republicans were dominant, and sometimes the Unity Party was dominant.
The party has the upper hand and takes turns forming the government."
"Party newspapers were also born at this stage. Newspapers first appeared on the eve of the first social revolution. Their predecessors were postcards. Someone discovered that selling paper with messages could make money, so they founded newspapers. Later, big capitalists and politicians discovered that newspapers could be used for
Promote their own ideas and began to publish newspapers on a large scale. After the second social revolution, the people were very disgusted with newspapers. Even newspapers that spoke to ordinary people had very low sales. If it were not for the blood transfusion between the government and enterprises, they would have to close down."
"The emergence of party newspapers has revitalized the newspaper industry. With the emergence of national political parties, in order to promote their ideas to potential supporters, each party began to issue party newspapers. Many supporters will buy them and are interested in a certain party's ideas.
People will buy it; seeing this, many newspapers that are barely surviving have chosen to take partisan sides, using the largest typefaces and front-page headlines to express their preferences. In this way, the sales of many newspapers have greatly increased, and the newspaper industry has been successfully revived."
"The situation of the three parties coexisting together lasted for a long time, but it finally ended. What led to huge changes in party politics was the famous 'immigration debate'."
"The cause of this incident is this. After the second social revolution, due to fear of another revolution, the country began to implement a social welfare system. At first, companies were required to pay unemployment insurance for their employees. Later, pension insurance and medical insurance gradually appeared
; With the recovery of the economy, a minimum living security system has also been implemented to provide living expenses for the disabled, the elderly who did not have the insurance system when they were young, children who have lost their parents, and women who cannot support many children due to the sudden death of their husbands.
Make sure they have food to eat and clothing to wear."
"Of course this is a good thing, but after the implementation of the social welfare system, a situation that is now commonplace, but which government officials at the time were quite surprised by, occurred: the birth rate is getting lower and lower."
"There are a lot of books on this issue now. We all know that this is because: 1. With the eradication of feudal remnants and the establishment of industrial society, parents have lost ownership of their children, and it has become increasingly difficult for parents to get any benefits from their children.
; 2. The reduction of feudal traditional concepts has made people pay less and less attention to 'carrying on the family line'; 3. The establishment of the social welfare system has made parents no longer have to rely on their children for old age. In short, having children is becoming more and more useful to parents.
The smaller. At the same time: 4, the cost of raising children has increased significantly, and many parents have to lower their quality of life in order to raise children."
"As a result, people's desire to have children has been greatly reduced. Many people only choose to have one or two children. 'If I can arrange a funeral after my death, just buy a tomb for burial. There is no need for children to do anything else. Just have one child.'
Two at most, why are there so many children? You raise them for me!’ Someone said at the time.”