The news that Pedro II signed the abdication edict spread outside the palace. Some royalist officers such as General Garcia, Lieutenant Colonel Ebel, and Baron Loreto realized that the situation in Rio de Janeiro was irreversible. Therefore, in order to
Led by Admiral West Asia, several scattered royalist troops took advantage of the chaos in the city to quickly gather together and escort Princess Isabella, Crown Prince of the Brazilian Empire, and her husband Count Iyo to leave Rio de Janeiro, and then boarded five royalist ships.
The warship controlled by the party set off for northern Brazil...
On the morning of the fourth day after the military coup, the republicans and democrats jointly announced the establishment of a republican government, elected Fonseca as the interim president of the new government, and the leader of the republicans Morais as the speaker of the parliament. Peshoto and others participated in the coup.
The generals and government officials divided up the remaining important government positions.
After the establishment of the Republic, Moraes immediately visited the British Minister in Brazil and promised to abide by all political and economic cooperation reached with the United Kingdom during the Brazilian Empire. The republican government's stance won the recognition and appreciation of the British government. In response, the British Minister in Brazil
Alston announced that the British government respects the wishes of the Brazilian people, recognizes the legitimacy of the new government, and is willing to conduct more in-depth communications with the Brazilian government on exchanges and cooperation between the two countries.
The largest territorial power in South America completed the change of government in a few days. As the news of the successful coup in the imperial capital spread to the entire territory of Brazil, important areas such as Sao Paulo State, Paraná State, and Goiás State successfully fell into the hands of the republican government.
The main warships of the Brazilian Navy were docked in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. When Admiral Garcia fled Rio de Janeiro, he used the loyalty of the navy soldiers to Princess Isabella to recruit five large warships, including two ironclads, to escort them away.
The Brazilian Navy has a total of five ironclads, and two main warships with a total displacement of 7,800 tons were separated from the establishment, causing the combat effectiveness of the newly established Republican Navy to be instantly reduced by half.
The navy is a high-tech branch. More than 80% of the middle and high-level officers of the Brazilian Navy are from the upper class. Because of Pedro II's untimely reforms, most landowners and nobles gave up their support for him. However, in the face of imperial rule,
As a result of the end of the war and the severe weakening of political power, about 40% of the naval officers and soldiers chose to be loyal to the imperial crown prince, hoping to follow Princess Isabella back to Rio de Janeiro and regain control of the central government.
The Brazilian Republican Government's control of naval warships was not as smooth as its control of the army. On August 21, 1879, more than 300 naval officers and soldiers left the military port without authorization and sailed two medium-sized frigates to the northern waters. On August 23, seven
The middle-level officers planned to incite the navy soldiers to take control of the remaining three ironclad ships and defect to Isabella. However, they were discovered by the vigilant port garrison commander, who promptly stopped their actions.
The navy's popular sentiment was unstable. It lost nearly half of its main warship tonnage and about 70% of its middle- and lower-level officers. The Republican government, which had taken great strides to take over military control of the central and southern regions, suddenly encountered a serious setback.
The loss and weakening of the navy's strength, on the one hand, led to the intensification of the republican government's distrust of the navy. A large number of naval officers from aristocratic families were ordered not to board warships. The remaining three ironclads and more than ten warships were concentrated in the Rio de Janeiro military port.
, the army troops dispatched by Fonseca strictly guarded the port forts and entrances and exits to prevent the navy from defecting to the north from happening again.
On the other hand, Princess Isabella and her entourage of more than 2,000 people arrived
Salvador, the capital of Bahia, relied on the status of Crown Prince Isabella and the influence of General Garcia, Duke Forbert, Lieutenant Colonel Abel and other royalist generals in the army. More than 15,000 central troops were stationed in El Salvador. The army swore allegiance to Princess Isabella. Afterwards, General Garcia and Duke Forbert assigned the officers who escaped from Rio de Janeiro with Princess Isabella to fifteen thousand soldiers to reorganize the Salvadoran army.
On August 22, after two days of army replenishment and replenishment, the royalist army stranded in Salvador quickly expanded to 25,000 people. At noon that day, under the auspices of Duke Forrobert, Princess Isabella crowned herself the Empress of the Brazilian Empire. Declare the republican government as treason, call on the army from all over Brazil to be loyal to the empire and eliminate the republican government.
At the succession ceremony, Queen Isabella appointed Duke Forrobert as the Prime Minister of the Empire to oversee the government affairs of the Empire, granted Garcia the title of Duke of Acaju, promoted his military rank to Marshal of the Empire, served as Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army, and granted the title of Ebel. The lieutenant colonel was an imperial count and was promoted to the rank of major general. He was responsible for assisting Marshal Garcia in managing the army.
After hastily completing the throne succession ceremony, Marshal Garcia and Major General Abel led more than 14,000 troops and took more than 40 large and small warships to go north to integrate the Brazilian army in the northern states.
On August 24, the Central Army dispersed in Sergipe and Alagoas successively joined Garcia's troops. On August 25, Major General Abel landed on a warship in the coastal area of Pernambuco. That night, The Royalist army entered the important northern town of Recife, and the 6,000-strong Central Army garrisoned were integrated into Abel's command.
By the end of August, most of the northern regions such as Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Maranhão had surrendered to the royalists, and the area under the control of the Isabella government expanded to nine states. The number of Brazilian troops reaches nearly 60,000.
As coups d'état occurred, the republican government and the royalist forces sought to eliminate each other and recruited troops to expand their military strength. In early September, the number of royalist troops in the north increased to 80,000, and the total number of troops under the name of the southern republican government exceeded 150,000.
The republican government controls densely populated areas such as Rio de Janeiro and St. Paul Road, and its total military force is nearly twice that of the royalists. However, the republican government faces threats from Paraguay and Han.
At the beginning of the establishment of the new government, Lopez Jr., who had long planned, dispatched 40,000 troops to advance along the border between Sao Paulo State and Minas Gerais, intending to defeat the Brazilian army on the front, march straight into Rio de Janeiro, and incorporate the core territory of the Brazilian Empire. Ruled under Paraguay.
Under Lopez Jr.'s desperate attack, in less than two weeks, various branches of the Republican Army paid a total price of 12,000 people, and more than 60,000 troops were mobilized to the states of Sao Paulo and Minasgi to stop Paraguay. Continuous assault by the army.
On the front line of Paraná, news of the failure of the peace talks spread, and the Han Dynasty stepped up its troop mobilization to the northern border areas. By early September, the total number of troops gathered by the two parties in Paraná and Los Angeles (Santa Catarina) reached 90,000. people.
Excluding the troops restrained by Han and Paraguay, the military strength used to deal with the royalists is about 70,000. In terms of a single front, the Brazilian Republican government does not have an advantage.
On September 3, 1879, the royalists avoided the land defense line deployed by the republican government and dispatched troops to attack Rio de Janeiro directly from the sea on warships. The battle at sea was one-sided. The navy controlled by the republican government fought less than half of the royalist fleet.
Within hours, the republican government's naval fleet was at an absolute disadvantage. In order to preserve the republican government's remaining naval power, the republican government ordered the naval fleet to retreat to the military port. At the same time, according to a private agreement between the United Kingdom and the Brazilian republican government, British Minister Ouston ordered
The expeditionary fleet was dispatched to intervene in the Brazilian Civil War and prevent the royalist fleet from continuing to penetrate into the offshore areas of Rio de Janeiro.
Britain intervened in the dispute between the two factions in Brazil and helped the republican government temporarily resolve the royalist maritime threat. However, the military offensive and intimidation of Paraguay and Han in the land direction made the republican government fearful all day long.
On September 5, Moraïs visited the British Minister Allston again and implored the British Expeditionary Force to deploy troops to assist the Republican Army in blocking the Paraguayan army. After the request was rejected by the British Minister, Moraïs solemnly made a request to Allston.
It is hoped that the British government will understand the difficulties of the republican government and step forward to force Paraguay and China to stop their hostilities against Brazil and restart armistice negotiations.
Brazil was divided between the north and the south, and the republican government faced the crisis of being partitioned as soon as it was established. In order to continue to implement the South American balancing policy and reduce the losses caused by misjudgment of the Brazilian civil war situation, the British government was forced to accept the request of the Brazilian republican government, lower the terms of peace talks, and actively invite Han
China and Paraguay participated in armistice negotiations.