After the August Revolution in Bushelvik overthrew the provisional government, the Allied Powers at that time were full of fear of the new red party.
At that time, the British "The Times" conducted a special report on this revolution. In the report, the Times said pessimistically that the red party's seizure of power in Russia was a threat to countries throughout Europe, and also called on all countries to be wary of the Communist Party.
develop among all countries to avoid falling into the tragedy of Russia.
As the most influential newspaper in Europe, The Times has always flaunted its objective reporting. However, this time the August Revolution led by Bushelwick did not reveal its hostility to the red regime. Compared with being an influential newspaper,
The ethics of a broad-based newspaper mean that The Times cannot reveal its views too much, while other newspapers are not so subtle.
At that time, when most newspapers reported on the August Revolution in Bushelwick, they repeatedly said that the Communist Party was persecuting the Russian people in St. Petersburg. Many newspapers also dug up various problems during the Paris Revolution and exaggerated greatly.
Later, he told readers that some newspapers even called on the two major groups at war to first cease the war and extinguish the Russian Red Revolution. This was the reaction of the bourgeoisie of various countries who feared Russia for the first working class regime.
However, the Allied governments at that time did not adopt a hostile policy towards the newly established Soviet Russian government, because they still needed Russia to hold back a large number of German and Austrian troops. In the face of the goodwill extended by the Allied Powers, the Soviet Russian government now completely ignores it, because
They are busy dealing with the dire situation at home.
At present, the poor food supply in St. Petersburg has become the top priority of the new Soviet Russian government. After all, most of Bushelvik's military forces are here at this time. Moreover, it is also the political and economic center of Russia, the revolutionary holy place of the new Soviet Russia, and Bush
A place Erwick cannot lose.
The new Russian government, which overthrew the Provisional Government and left only the Soviet regime, still has many members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Cadet Party, and Mensheviks within the Soviet regime. The reason for this result is that the revolutionary slogans led by Busheviks opposed the Provisional Government.
Another aspect of the government is that Bushelwick cannot be too explicit, that is, other left-wing parties do not have too many numerical disadvantages against Bushelwick.
This has a lot to do with the fact that the Bushelviks were too radical among the Russian left-wing parties before. During the Tsarist Russia, the Bushelviks led by Lenin were the political groups that they focused on attacking. Because the Bushelviks in their slogans are:
Bushelvik, which overthrew the Tsarist Russian government and had long-term leaders abroad, was much less attractive to Russia's progressive youth. Even after the January Revolution, Bushelvik tried its best to develop and expand its organization while other left-wing parties failed to do so.
move, but still did not allow it to gain an absolute advantage.
In addition, the new Soviet Russia still shows the desire to continue fighting against the Allies. This can only mean that the Russians are now completely tied to the Allied chariot by Britain and France economically, even if Russia has collapsed. Now Britain and France only want Russia
We are willing to continue fighting, even Bushwick is willing to continue to cooperate.
For this reason, the then British Ambassador Bristow also expressed to the Soviet Russian government that the Allied Powers were concerned about the current situation in Russia, but the main concern was the Soviet Russian government's attitude towards whether the war would continue. You must know that when Bushehrvik was in opposition,
Armistice slogans were shouted loudly. In fact, negotiations with the Germans were being discussed within Bushelwick.
As the main leaders of Bushelwick, they clearly remember what they relied on to come to power. The most powerful anti-war groups now are the military groups with guns. If these soldiers are not satisfied, it will not be difficult to change the political party to govern. So in the initial stage
After easing tensions over material supplies in St. Petersburg, Bushelwick was discussing an armistice with Germany.
Therefore, when the British and French ambassadors asked Soviet Russia about the war against the Allies, they were met with disappointment. For this reason, the British and French ambassadors sent a message to the country, suggesting that they expand support for other Russian political parties.
This also made other Russian political parties heave a sigh of relief. In their view, this was a suicide attempt by the Bushehrviks. Without the financial support of Britain and France, Russia could collapse its finances just by paying off its foreign debts. Of course they would not be kind to this situation.
Remind Lenin and others that they plan to defeat Bushelvik in the next election and regain the power of the Soviet Union. But they don’t know that Bushelvik does not follow the rules like them, and Lenin, as its leader, is better than they think.
much further.
Fifteen days after the August Revolution, the newly born Soviet Russian government expressed its willingness to negotiate peace talks with Germany. This greatly encouraged Germany, so a copy of Germany's peace negotiation conditions was sent to the Soviet Russian government. Germany's conditions were given to these
Bushelwick's top brass, who was still a newcomer to the regime, gave him a warning.
Germany proposed the harsh conditions of ceding part of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and all of Latvia and Belarus to Germany and Austria, and paying an indemnity of 3 billion rubles. Moreover, the indemnity must be paid to the Allies in five installments within one year, otherwise the Allies would
Have the power to raise funds on their own.
Faced with Germany's negotiating conditions, the Bushelvik party became agitated and demanded the suspension of negotiations with the Allies. Bushwick's opinions were divided into three categories. The first was the "left communist party" represented by Bukharin.
The "ist" objected to signing a peace treaty and advocated continuing to fight Germany. His reason was that Germany's conditions were too harsh, which would put the newly born Bushelvik at a disadvantage in future elections. And as long as the war continued, the future would be
It is very likely to ignite revolutionary sentiments among the workers in Germany and Austria. In fact, it is because of the harsh conditions in Germany that they are unwilling to continue the war. Central Committee members Bubnov, Uritsky, and Lomov supported Bukharin.
The second category is represented by Trotsky; he advocated an armistice and demobilization of the army, but not signing a contract with Germany (that is, no war, no peace). In fact, Trotsky also opposed accepting Germany's conditions because he knew that the Russian army
In this state, continued fighting would be too harmful to the new regime. Central Committee members Krestinsky, Dzerzhinsky, and Joffe supported Trotsky.
Then came Lenin's proposal to accept Germany's conditions and sign a peace treaty. Because Lenin knew that the most important problem of the Soviet Russian regime now was the domestic problems that needed to be solved, which were about to break out, because there were too many thorny problems accumulated in Russia, and these were the new Soviet Union's problems.
The Russian regime carefully sorted it out. Lenin's ideas were supported by six Central Committee members, including Tivinoyev, Sokolnikov, Stalin, Artem, Stasova, and Sverdlov.
Now the three parties are still arguing about Germany's plan. On September 11, the Soviet Russian government held a meeting of central and local leaders. At the meeting of 60 people, 32 people agreed with Bukharin's proposal and 32 people agreed with Trotsky's proposal.
Of the 16 people, only 15 agreed with Lenin’s idea. In the end, Lenin’s idea was not adopted because he was in the minority.
The attitude of the Soviet Russian government greatly dissatisfied the German side. Among them, Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who wanted to take this opportunity to solve the problem on the Eastern Front, were also disappointed. Regarding the attitude of the Soviet Union, the two men actually made two-way preparations. They presided over the general meeting
During this period, Ludendorff, who worked in the staff department, mobilized four more divisions from the Western Front and transported most of the ammunition to the Eastern Front in recent months. As for the Western Front, many forward positions were abandoned to save troops.
After the Soviet Union refused to negotiate, more than two million German and Austrian troops rushed into the Russian hinterland along the Great Plains of Eastern Europe. However, the Russian troops guarding these places did not become brave and good at fighting because of Bushelvik's blessing, and they still collapsed at the first touch.
, a large number of soldiers disappeared into the wilderness with weapons. At least more than 100,000 Russian frontline soldiers disappeared in just ten days of attack, and nearly 200,000 soldiers entered the German and Austrian prisoner-of-war camps.
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Faced with a very critical situation, Soviet Russia held another central meeting on September 25 to re-vote on the signing of the contract. Trotsky's proposal was passed by a majority of 9 votes to 7, while Lenin's proposal was still not adopted.
Accepted by the majority.
So the negotiations resumed in Brest. As the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (that is, the Minister of Foreign Affairs) and the head of the negotiating delegation, Trotsky agreed with Lenin before leaving that if Germany gave an ultimatum, he would give in and sign the contract. Because both of them agreed
Knowing that procrastination like this is not an option, Russia may be able to see the victory of the Allies, but the Bushelvik regime will definitely not be able to see this result.
As expected, Germany issued an ultimatum to Soviet Russia. Trotsky sent a telegram to Lenin asking for countermeasures. Lenin immediately replied and accepted the German conditions and signed the contract immediately. But at this time, Trotsky's bad habit of cherishing feathers broke out, because he knew that if he
By signing this treaty, he would always be subordinate to Lenin. So he did not accept Lenin's suggestion, but issued a statement refusing to sign the treaty and led his delegation to leave Brest.
As a result, Germany began a large-scale attack on Soviet Russia. By October 9, when Germany had already attacked Pskov, less than 300 kilometers away from St. Petersburg, the situation was extremely urgent and the army was almost unable to suppress its resentment.
Moreover, voices from various places questioning the Soviet regime continued to rise and fall. At this time, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union held an emergency meeting. At the meeting, Lenin's idea was rejected by a vote of 6:7.
Subsequently, the Central Committee held another meeting overnight. After a fierce debate, Trotsky turned to support Lenin. The meeting result was 7 votes in favor, 5 votes against, and 1 abstention. The Soviet government notified the German side overnight.
, agree to sign the contract.
However, Germany did not stop its offensive after being notified, and proposed more stringent conditions on October 12. The Soviet Party Central Committee held an emergency meeting attended by 15 members. During the meeting, most members expressed their disapproval of Lenin's ideas.
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Faced with the fact that he couldn't get the support of party members after all his efforts, Lenin was so angry that he had to propose that if this kind of empty talk continued, he would resign and withdraw from the government and the Central Committee. Bukharin didn't care about this.
Lotsky did not agree with Lenin's opinion, but in order to prevent Lenin's resignation and the split in Bushelvik, his attitude changed. Under his influence, 4 abstentions appeared. As a result, Lenin's idea was approved by 7 votes and 4
The vote was passed with 4 abstentions and 4 against.
So on October 14, the Soviet Russian government finally re-sent a negotiating delegation to negotiate with Germany.
On October 21, the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers was officially signed in Brest. According to the treaty, Russia gave up all the territories of Finland, the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Belarus and Ukraine. Soviet Russia also needed
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Courland (today's western Latvia), Russian Poland and other places were ceded to Germany. At the same time, the Turkish generals, who had been defeated ten times by Tsarist Russia, took back Adalhan, Kars and Batumi without bloodshed.
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This means that Russia will lose 3.2 million square kilometers of land. This land occupies one-seventh of Russia's total territory, and it is all in the European part. Therefore, the population on it is very dense, accounting for 44% of the country's population. Russia was originally proud of
The resource advantages of the heroes will also be greatly weakened, with coal mines and iron ores losing 75% and 73% respectively, along with 54% of industry and 33% of agriculture.
In addition to these, the Soviet Union also needs to pay 7 billion marks in war reparations to Germany (because Romania is sucking blood from Germany, which greatly increases its domestic pressure), and it can only be divided into five installments, and the last installment must be delivered within one year of the signing of the treaty.
complete.
The treaty would give the nascent Soviets a break, but this was obviously not acceptable to all Russians. For the loss of so much population and industry, the entire treasury must be compensated within one year. In addition, during the Constituent Assembly election, the Bolsheviks
However, because they received fewer votes than the Socialist Revolutionary Party, they openly overturned the election organized by themselves and sent troops to disperse the Constituent Assembly by force in January 1918. So the left-wing party organized workers to launch a demonstration that day to protest against the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks sent troops to disperse the Constituent Assembly.
Gun suppression resulted in the "January 5th Massacre" that shocked the world. In Gorky's words: "Rifles dispersed the dreams that Russia's best elements had fought for in the past century."
A large number of Russian nationalists turned to the anti-Bushervik organizations, and die-hard patriots like Kolchak were even more indignant. In their eyes, the Soviets had become traitors, a more disgusting existence than the Germans.
And they were prepared to eradicate it at all costs. So the Russian Civil War broke out.
