While Romania was stepping up its domestic economic construction, Poland's war against Soviet Russia officially broke out.
On the Belarusian front, the Polish army launched an attack on the Soviet army along the Berezina River on February 14. The 120,000 Polish army launched an attack on the Southwest Front with 80,000 Soviet troops. At the same time, the Polish Third Army
, bypassing the Romanian-occupied Western Ukraine and attacking Kiev. Piłsudski's dream of a federation of the two seas has not been given up, but the Romanian-occupied Western Ukraine has been excluded.
The Polish army made good progress in the early stage, not only conquering Minsk, the capital of Belarus, but also occupying Kiev. For a time, Poland's war intention of realizing Poland's largest territory was about to be realized.
Facing Poland's attack, the Soviet Union immediately mobilized its troops.
At this time, the Red Army had defeated the White Army. Denikin failed and retreated to the Crimean Peninsula to survive. Romania had completely failed to seize the opportunity created for him. On the Caucasus, the Soviet Union had also advanced into the mountainous areas. As for Gore in Siberia
Chak had completely failed and was captured by the Soviet army.
For a time, the opposition that could threaten the Soviet Russian regime no longer existed. At the same time, Soviet Russia signed peace treaties with Latvia and Estonia, and the threat from its flanks was also lifted.
Therefore, in the face of Poland's attack, Lenin and others sent Soviet generals led by Tukhachevsky who had grown up through the civil war. This talented general could be said to be very young at this time. He was born in 1893, and he is only 27 years old even now.
Although he is young, he has a lot of battlefield experience. He was born in a declining aristocratic family in Dorogob County, Smolensk Province, Russia. He has been diligent and studious since childhood, and has a wide range of interests, especially military.
In 1911, he entered the First Ekaterina Armed Forces School in Moscow. The following year, he was elected to the Alexander Military Academy with first place to continue his studies. He graduated in 1914 and served in the Semyonov Guards Regiment.
After the outbreak of the First World War, Tukhachevsky went to the front line with the troops and was captured by the Germans on February 19, 1915. He escaped and returned home in October 1917. After the August Revolution (formerly the October Revolution) broke out, Tukhachevsky
Khachevsky was introduced to the Soviet Red Army and the Communist Party, becoming the first former Tsarist Russian officer to join the Communist Party.
Tukhachevsky was entrusted with important tasks as soon as he joined the Bolshevik Party. He was ordered to go to the Eastern Front to reorganize scattered troops and prepare for the establishment of the First Army of the Red Army. He completed the task brilliantly in a short period of time and personally led many troops.
Defeated the White Guards for the first time.
He then appeared in various areas of the civil war. Whether facing Kolchak or Denikin, his outstanding commanding skills helped him win. Now facing the Polish attack, Lenin and others immediately
Thought of him.
So after he was appointed commander-in-chief in April, Tukhachevsky immediately mobilized troops. In the following month, Soviet Russia concentrated more than 700,000 people on the front line in Poland, while the Polish army only had 500,000 at this time.
In terms of strength comparison, Soviet Russia already has an advantage. Although Poland is still recruiting troops, it is impossible for these troops to appear on the battlefield now.
Even so, Tukhachevsky was still gathering troops. Why did he do this?
It turned out that Poland had begun a military operation to demand "land occupied by Russia" from Soviet Russia. This greatly offended the patriotism of Soviet Russia, and also hurt the passion and passion for "world revolution" shared by almost all leaders of Soviet Russia.
longing for.
How could Poland, which was regarded by the leaders of Soviet Russia as the "red bridge" of world revolution, become the "road" against Soviet Russia?
As a result, Polish patriotism collided with Soviet Russian patriotism. On April 29, the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) issued a proclamation calling on workers, peasants, and "respected Russian citizens" to rise up and defend the Soviet Republic.
For the first time, the traditional Russian patriotism and the concept of Russia, criticized by Lenin, were regarded by the Soviet regime as a weapon to win the war against Poland, and under the banner of Russian patriotism, what they wanted to achieve was not just the war against Poland.
's victory.
A red Poland is in the interest of Soviet Russia, which is why Tukhachevsky still thinks there are not enough troops. He wants to establish Soviet power in Poland, because after Poland passes, it will be Germany, the crossroads of Europe, and Lenin and others are against
Germany, currently in turmoil, has its own ideas.
But while waiting for other forces to gather, Tukhachevsky would not do nothing.
First, the Polish First Army located in the northernmost part was the first to be attacked. At the end of May, the Soviet Union counterattacked. The Polish First Army was defeated, and the Russian Fifteenth Army retook the area between the Daugava River and the Berezina River.
On May 24, 1920, the Polish troops in the south encountered Semyon Budyonny's First Cavalry Army for the first time. On June 5, Budyonny broke through the Polish front line with Cossack cavalry. The Soviet Union then used mobile cavalry to attack
Strike at the rear of the Polish army, targeting communications and supplies.
By June 10, the Polish army retreated in full force and abandoned Kiev on June 13.
At this time, the Polish army was already facing layers of oppression from the Soviet Red Army, and Tukhachevsky's attack by several armies at this time put the Polish army in a situation where he was losing sight of one thing and the other in the Belarusian region. For a time, Poland was retreating steadily.
All captured territory was lost.
At this time, Tukhachevski still did not give Poland a chance to regroup and led the army to continue marching into the hinterland of Poland.
Tukhachevsky launched an offensive along the Smolensk-Brest-Litovsk line on July 4, crossing the Ota and Berezina rivers. The northern Third Cavalry Army planned to attack from the north
Outflank the Polish army and move closer to the borders of Lithuania and East Prussia. The 4th, 15th and 3rd armies pressed west, supported by the 16th Army and Mozalska Army in the south.
By July 7, the Polish army was forced to retreat across the board.
However, due to the stubborn resistance of the Polish army, Tukhachevsky's plan to break through the Polish army's front and push the Polish army to the Pinsk Swamp in the southwest failed.
At this time, the Soviet army was advancing almost 20 miles a day. Grodno in Belarus fell on July 19, and Brest-Litovsk was also occupied by the Russian army on August 1.
At this time, the Poles realized that the Russians' goals were no longer limited to moving the border westward, and Poland's independence was also in danger.
At this time, the British government issued a "substantial" ultimatum to Soviet Russia, requiring Soviet Russia to cease hostilities against Poland and the Russian army (the White Army led by Wrangel in southern Russia) and to accept the Curzon Line as an
The temporary border between Soviet Russia and Poland was established until the permanent border was established after negotiations. If Soviet Russia refused, Britain threatened to assist Poland in all available ways, but in reality Britain was also restricted by the domestic political situation.
On July 17, Soviet Russia rejected the British ultimatum and counter-proposed direct negotiations with Poland. The British response was to suspend trade negotiations with Soviet Russia if Soviet Russia continued to attack Poland. Soviet Russia ignored this.
In fact, Poland had very few allies at this time. France sent a 400-member advisory team to Poland in 1919, and assisted the "Blue Army", which was mainly composed of Polish people and commanded by France during World War I, to reach Poland from France.
Hungary expressed its willingness to send 30,000 cavalry troops to support Poland, but Czechoslovakia refused to allow them to transit. However, some trains loaded with weapons still arrived in Poland from Hungary.
At this time, Poland looked around and saw that there was only one country that could help it, and that was Romania, which had previously defeated Soviet Russia. At this time, in order to maintain its independent status, Poland asked for help from Britain, France and other countries on the one hand, and on the other hand, overnight
A delegation headed by Prime Minister Morachevski was sent to Bucharest to ask for help from Romania. At present, the only one who can rescue them is Romania.
It needs to be mentioned here that in order to get to Bucharest quickly, Morachevski took an unarmed plane and flew directly to Romania. This was more than ten years earlier than Chamberlain later flew to Berlin for peace. By accident, Poland was created again.
He made history and became the first leader to fly on a business jet.
