A book friend called me uncle and said that even back to the time of Zhao and Song Dynasties, he was only four years old, how could he copy...
This is a problem.
In fact, I can see where my problem lies. I pretend to be aloof even though I'm not good at it, and talk about my feelings everywhere. In the end, I can't stand it anymore.
This is a disease and it needs to be cured!
But since the writing style is already like this, let’s continue.
When I was writing the book, I got caught up in the enthusiasm for ZTE, but as I was writing, the Huawei Incident came up, and I couldn’t laugh or cry.
But now that it’s out, let me continue.
Speaking of Huawei, let us return to the topic of the previous chapter: Qualcomm!
Enterprises can use intellectual property rights to create competitive advantages in the market, but abuse of intellectual property rights will also encounter legal sanctions. It is a "bizarre story" that these two "models" of both positive and negative aspects can be integrated into one company, Qualcomm Corporation of the United States.
Following antitrust investigations by the European Union and South Korea, Qualcomm has recently encountered antitrust investigations in China. The reason for these investigations is the same, namely high patent licensing fees. For a while, Qualcomm once again became the focus of industry attention.
.
"Patents are competitiveness!" This sentence is vividly reflected in Qualcomm. Among global communications companies, Qualcomm's market value reached a historical high of US$104.96 billion in 2013, surpassing Intel's US$103.501 billion, which has always been the leader.
Be number one in the world.
"First-rate companies sell patents, second-rate companies make products, and third-rate companies sell hard work." This is a saying widely circulated in the industry: This sentence emphasizes the importance of patents. At the headquarters of Qualcomm, there are several "patent walls"
". Qualcomm hangs every patent certificate it owns on the wall. In the words of Qualcomm's leader, every patent on the "patent wall" is Qualcomm's core asset and source of profit.
Currently, there are more than 6,000 patents hanging on the wall, and a note posted on the wall shows that thousands more patent applications are pending.
In the 3G era, as the founder of CDMA technology, Qualcomm almost monopolized the right to use all technology patents related to CDMA. Any company that needs to use CDMA technology patents must pay Qualcomm a large amount of patent licensing fees.
Currently, Qualcomm Corporation of the United States occupies the
Qualcomm holds 90% of the global CDMA chip market, owns more than 3,000 CDMA and related technology patents, and has 600 CDMA core patents. Among the core patents of 3G technology WCDMA, Qualcomm already controls 25% of them, and still holds 25% of them.
It is one of the leading giants in the industry.
If you still don’t understand what Qualcomm represents in the 3G era, you can take a look at the names of the three major (formerly the four) 3G standards: CDMA2000, WCDMA, and China’s TD-SCDMA.
All using code division multiple access technology!
The era Zhao Song lived in was 2001, that is, in that year, Qualcomm entered China and was operated by China Telecom, which only had solid business. Anyone who has experienced that time will probably know what a CDMA mobile phone is.
How expensive is it, because that bastard thing from Qualcomm charges a patent fee on every mobile phone!
Thanks to the foresight of our country’s senior officials, in 2000, we joined the battle for communication standards and achieved a breakthrough that spanned the century! Well done!
Based on Qualcomm’s rogue nature, it is basically on the opposite side of the world, even in the United States!
Therefore, starting from 4G, the world began to formulate standards for de-CDMA.
Speaking of which, I have to introduce another name, which is the organization that establishes communication standards: 3GPP.
In order to define complete end-to-end system specifications, ensure compliance with industry requirements, achieve seamless interoperability between different vendors and provide the necessary global scale for mobile, and also to achieve a smooth transition of GSM from 2G network to 3G network
demand, thus creating an organization.
If global wireless communications are compared to a village, then this organization is definitely the leader of the village. You have to cultivate whatever land it asks you to cultivate, and your crops grow as tall as it allows you.
You must be that tall, otherwise I'm sorry, you don't belong to the standards of this generation of communication technology. This organization is 3GPP.
When 3GPP was established, all countries were discussing who should be the "boss". Being the boss is cool and has the right to speak. However, the innovation of each generation of mobile communication technology cannot be completed by a single company. It must be designed to build base stations.
Chip manufacturing that matches the process, technology research and development, what frequency to use, how many bands to use, etc.
After all, it is related to the issue of wireless Internet access for global users. Finally, after discussion, several operators with important positions or roles in the communication field around the world became members of 3GPP, and they invited seven big guys. They are:
Japan Association of Wireless Industries and Commerce (ARIB), China Communications Standards Association (CCSA), Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), Japan Telecommunications Technology Commission (TTC), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Indian Telecommunications Standards Development Association
(TSDSI), Korea Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA).
Having an organization makes things easier. Driven by 3GPP, the W-CDMA technology and TD-CDMA technology of the third generation mobile communication technology (3G) have been popularized.
3GPP is to realize the evolution of GSM created by Europeans. Can CDMA created by American actresses give up?
No, we have to create one in North America! The next year, in 1999, North American companies joined forces with chip giant Qualcomm and others to create 3GPP2, which had a certain competitive relationship with 3GPP. However, Qualcomm later gave up the evolution route from CDMA to 4G, and 3GPP2
It is also gradually marginalized, but 3GPP is gradually getting stronger.
When it comes to LTE (Long Term Evolution), that is, 4G, major operators have developed two processes: TD-LTE and FDD-LTE. The "village chief" 3GPP came out and said that your process does not meet my standards.
, LTE only has 3.9G, you don’t call it 4G, which makes the operator very embarrassed. In the end, if you round up, let’s call 3.9G 4G!
I kept calling 4G, but in fact it is not recognized by 3GPP. The domestic 4G network is only the 3.9G standard of 3GPP.
Later, the operators had no choice but to launch an upgraded version of LTE Advanced in accordance with 3GPP's 4G standards. This met the International Telecommunications Union's requirements for 4G. It was not until later that LTE-A was called 4G.
At this point, book friends can see: In the 4G era, the four words CDMA have completely disappeared, and the de-CDMA movement has made breakthrough progress. However, please do not ignore Qualcomm, because that is Qualcomm!
Qualcomm ranks first in the world with tens of billions of dollars in R&D expenses every year!
Time flies to 2017. Since its establishment in 1998, 3GPP has continued to expand and be driven by members, involving a lot of work and collaboration from hundreds of companies, including network operators, terminal manufacturers, chip manufacturers, and infrastructure manufacturers.
, academia, research institutions, and government agencies, the number of conference participants exceeded 6,000 in 2017.
Good guy, awesome.
Regarding the future fifth-generation communication technology (commonly known as 5G), 3GPP has taken precautions in advance and told the companies related to wireless networks that they must develop 5G according to my requirements, otherwise I will still not recognize it.
The company below all said in unison, "What are the requirements?"
3GPP said that 5G must increase the speed and reduce the delay, and stipulates that the 5G network user experience transmission rate must meet at least 100Mbps (12.5M/s) download speed, 50Mbps (6.25M/s) upload speed, and the network delay time must not be
More than 4 milliseconds, and a stable network connection can be maintained on a high-speed train traveling at a speed of 500 kilometers per hour.
All the companies below agreed and promised to implement it.
The fourth generation of mobile communication technology is disobedient! It doesn’t recognize the standards and is still angry. 3GPP is very angry. As the 5G era approaches, you must rectify and rectify it. 3GPP also requires that the 5G wireless network era cannot only involve data services and voice services.
Expand the mobile ecosystem and popularize business-critical services such as wireless backhaul, ULL, drones, digital TV broadcasting, automotive services, M2M/loT services, etc.
And three major scenarios are defined: eMBB, mMTC and URLLC.
In the most critical scenario, the eMBB standard voting, the fantasy voting incident brought the 5G standard battle to national attention!
Fantasy is notorious, flowers are famous all over the world, and ZTE suffers silently!