a certain scientific hogwarts Chapter 115 Want to rely on quantum mechanics to travel through time and space? Then you may have to ride superstring theory!
Chapter 115 Want to rely on quantum mechanics to travel through time and space? Then you may have to ride superstring theory!
"So you want to do what Banner said, simply change the original history and create a parallel world?" Gu Yi looked at Hans with confusion. "But this will still meet the past time point.
Everyone, right?”
"Boom!" Hans suddenly shouted. Ancient Yi's eyes followed Hans's head and turned to the three bodies of Hans who had been playing with the seal form just now, and then the horse monkey who had been invisible and did not want to attract Hans' attention.
Soju guys! "You should still remember the effect of the time magic she used, right? Supreme Mage?"
"You mean, Banner's statement is wrong, and there will not actually be a parallel world?" Gu Yi's eyes radiated with surprise and surprise!
"No, no, no, I have no way to falsify their scientific theories." Hans' words made everyone very confused, "But what is the essence of modern science? Science is a theory that correctly reflects the nature and laws of the world, including correct concepts.
, propositions, principles and theoretical systems; its objects are objective essence and objective laws, the content is scientific essence and scientific laws, and the form is language, including natural language and mathematics and other artificial languages. However, most scientists among ordinary people
, it is impossible to observe the existence of magic... Therefore, his statement is based on the research results obtained by them through the quantum field method that they can observe and use to transcend time."
"I don't quite understand how the so-called quantum realm can be used to span time and space? This is simply incredible!" John interrupted eagerly, "Do you know any detailed theoretical basis? Tell me!"
"This is a bit troublesome. It may require me to first describe some existing physical theories and physical theoretical hypotheses developed in the future, but I am not sure how many people will understand." Hans saw his grandfather nodding.
After confirmation, he continued to talk, "As we all know, quantum mechanics studies microscopic things. In the microscopic world, electrons and various high-energy particles move at extremely high speeds, especially neutrinos, whose moving speeds are very close to
is faster than the speed of light. And these particles obviously have mass, so when moving at high speed, they all have extremely high inertial mass, which means that the time around them is extremely slow. If we do not consider the conditions described by the special theory of relativity,
If there is a time dilation effect, then the particle life span we calculate will have a huge fallacy, because the time passage speed of these high-speed microscopic particles is not the same as ours.
Therefore, with the help of special relativity, scientists used a formula to accurately calculate the time of electrons moving at high speed. This formula is Dikra's formula.
It can be seen that special relativity and quantum mechanics are not only integrated, but also highly consistent."
"That's right, that's right! Quantum field theory that combines quantum mechanics with special relativity and classical field theory! The weak interaction has a theory of four fermion points. In the weak interaction, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning discovered parity
Not conserved." John said excitedly that he knew this! "Keep going, Hans, keep going! Although the verification of quantum mechanics theory under the special theory of relativity is perfect, it is obviously inconsistent with the general theory of relativity! At present, there is not even a hypothesis that can
Let the two be under a unified theoretical framework!"
Everyone:???
…
What are they talking about?
"That's right! The later general theory of relativity is so incompatible with quantum mechanics. For many years, Einstein has been trying to integrate gravity into the theory of relativity, but has never been able to do so.
The propagation of any kind of force requires propagators, but gravity does not exist, or has not been discovered. This leads to the fact that general relativity can perfectly explain all gravitational effects, but if it is integrated into quantum mechanics, contradictions will be found everywhere.
Two irrefutable theories are just incompatible, which is actually a very puzzling thing." Hans said a little tiredly and took a breath.
"I think-" Rang wanted to interrupt the interaction between the grandfather and grandson, but...
"Don't think so! I want to clarify my grandson's ideas and don't interrupt randomly!" John rudely interrupted Jean's unfinished words. "Little Hans, continue~"
"Not only quantum mechanics, but also Maxwell's electromagnetic force cannot be unified with it. In 1926, Einstein's colleague Kruza first published a paper, and then Bohr's colleagues improved Kruza's paper and passed
On the basis of the original four-dimensional space-time, a new one-dimensional space is introduced to synthesize Einstein's gravity equation and Maxwell's electromagnetic equation; this theory is called the Kruza-Klein theory, and in this theory
In , it was believed that the extra one-dimensional space only existed under the microstructure and therefore could not be observed in the real world. However, due to the lack of interest of scientists at the time in this unobservable high-dimensional theory, and at the same time as the birth of quantum theory,
Therefore, the Cruze-Klein theory came to an end, but this high-dimensional curled idea became the ideological basis of subsequent string theory, subverting everyone's view of time and space."
"String theory..." Meryl shook her head, "The research on this theory has been silent for several years. In the 1970s, I could still occasionally hear the mathematics professors at the school talking about it to the physics professors. In recent years, there has been little news.
All gone."
"That's mainly because the advent of quantum chromodynamics at the same time could perfectly explain the strong interaction of particles and achieve the original intention of string theory. Therefore, quantum chromodynamics naturally gradually stole the limelight of string theory, and string theory was once again
Everyone threw it into the pile of old paper. However, quantum chromodynamics was gradually improved, and finally the Standard Model theory was developed, which can achieve a unified explanation of electromagnetic force, strong interaction force, and weak interaction force, and can be tested through physical experiments.
Verification has become the mainstream theory in current particle theory physics.
It's a bit far-fetched, but let's go back to string theory. The birth of real string theory will not be until nearly half a century later. In 1968, in order to explain the strong interaction between nuclei discovered at that time, Italian physicist Vianato (
Gabriel Veneziano accidentally discovered that the Euler Beta function can perfectly describe the law of almost all strong interactions between particles: the relationship between angular momentum and the square of mass is proportional, that is, a straight line. According to Veneziano's
Model, particles can be viewed as particles extending in a certain space, which is a line segment, or a string. These strings are delicately balanced by two forces in opposite directions. One is tension, which brings the two ends of the string close to each other.
; An acceleration force will separate the two ends of the string. To make an approximate analogy: the string is similar to the propeller of an airplane, rotating anytime and anywhere; the centrifugal force causes the two ends of the string to separate, while the inward tension remains
The balance of the string.
The introduction of string theory has given physicists a new view of matter. In the past, we regarded the base point of matter as an infinitesimal particle, but string theory regards it as a one-dimensional line segment that is small enough; and
According to the early string theory, based on mathematical derivation, in order to realize the self-consistency of the theory, it needs to be extended to a space of up to 26 dimensions; this made string theory a kind of metaphysics, and physicists at the time were so concerned about this kind of theory.
There is no concept of high-dimensional space-time at all, and this theory cannot be falsified through experimental methods; of course, a theory that cannot be falsified cannot be recognized as a valid physical theory.
However, although the Standard Model can provide a very perfect explanation and precise language for matter both theoretically and experimentally, from a mathematical point of view, it is not a "beautiful" theory; for
To explain matter and its interaction, the standard particle model constructs 61 particle models, divided into two categories: fermions and bosons; if gravitons are also included, the total number of particles reaches 62. Various substances
, and the interaction between them are all the result of the patchwork of these 62 ingredients, so this theory is also a veritable miscellaneous dish theory.
Therefore, many physicists say that the standard particle model is not the ultimate physical theory, but is most likely an intermediate state of this ultimate theory.
Although string theory is despised by most physics, its inherent mathematical beauty still makes a few physicists obsessed with it. In this process, physicists have already explained it well through string theory.
Bosons, in 1970, John Schwarz and his colleague Andre Neveu discovered a string theory that could describe fermions; however, this string theory describing fermions produced some experimentally unverifiable
This particle has a static mass of zero, but has a spin number of 2. After a period of research, it was discovered that the description of this particle is the description of the graviton assumed in the quantum gravity field theory, thus discovering
Understand the subtle relationship between string theory and the gravitational field.
In 1980, Schwartz and Green discovered that superstrings have anomalous cancellation in ten dimensions. In 1984, Green and Schwartz took a big step forward in this direction and constructed a special string model, which has the superstructure of space and time.
Symmetry is therefore called superstring theory. The concept of symmetry is one of the most useful tools for physicists. Mathematically, when the units of a system of equations are interchanged (transformed), the entire group still exhibits the same properties
, we might call it symmetry. The concept of symmetry is valuable in developing theories because it can be used to point out important similarities between things that are very different.
When the space-time dimension is equal to ten and the internal symmetry group is SO(32), there is no anomaly in this theory. Superstring theory has convincingly proved that all the contradictions about quantum mechanics that once confused early string theory can be resolved.
.In fact, they handled all mathematical self-consistency problems with ease, such as super-light tachyons, infinities caused by point particle models, symmetry anomalies, the introduction of high-dimensional degrees of freedom and supersymmetry, etc.
. They even proved that string theory has enough power to accommodate the four fundamental forces. It is obviously impossible to establish a mathematically harmonized quantum gravity theory without using "strings". On the contrary, it seems impossible to establish a mathematically reconciled quantum gravity theory without including gravity.
A mathematically consistent string theory. Superstring calculations, even including gravity, will never produce "infinities." The period from 1984 to 1986 was the so-called "first superstring revolution" period.
Later, people discovered through research that there are actually five self-consistent superstring theories in ten-dimensional space. For a unified theory, five possibilities are still a bit too many. Therefore, there have been some more recent ones in the past.
General theoretical attempts to derive these superstring theories, it was not until 1995 that people obtained a relatively perfect picture of the unification of these five superstring theories, called M theory. Combining the five superstring theories and eleven-dimensional supergravity
The unification to M theory is undoubtedly successful, but it also poses greater challenges to people. M theory did not have a strict mathematical expression when it was proposed, so it is necessary to find the mathematical expression of M theory and carefully study the properties of M theory.
It has become a hot topic in superstring theory research, thus igniting the "second superstring revolution".
With the continuous improvement of M theory, the results achieved include:
1. Successfully unified quantum theory and relativity theory under a unified theoretical framework;
2. Have the ability to answer initial questions about the most basic material composition and forces of nature;
3. In cosmology, superstring theory has successfully explained the entropy and radiation problems of black holes proposed by Hawking. This is also the first time that starting from microscopic theory, using the basic principles of statistical physics and quantum mechanics, the macroscopic theory has been rigorously deduced.
Black hole entropy and radiation formulas;
These deeper string theory theories that will be developed in the future not only describe "string"-like objects, but also include point-like, film-like objects, higher-dimensional spaces, and even parallel universes."
"So you think that the theoretical basis for the fierce green-skinned scientist in Gu Yi's universe to use the quantum realm to travel through time and space is based on superstring theory?" John asked slowly while thinking.
"It should be said that this is the only theory I know of so far that quantum mechanics and general relativity can be under a unified theoretical framework and can have a certain correlation with time and space." After Hans thought for a while, he added
After a moment, he said, "Maybe they have other breakthroughs in basic physics research. After all, the various scientific developments in their universe are more magical than magic. Maybe the inhibitory forces can be called back, and then let them bring back the Einstein of their world.
All the heroes of physicists such as Ranke, Bohr, Schrödinger, Dirac, and Born were brought here to study?"
"Stop!" Seeing that John was about to move, Meryl covered her forehead and shouted to Hans to stop! "Let's talk about it theoretically! I think everyone may understand it more or less!
"Everyone nodded to express their agreement with Meryl's words!