Doujin 12: Narratives and related evaluations of the Song and Jin Wars after the war - Cai Youming
The Song-Jin War was a large-scale war conducted by the Song Dynasty from the 7th year of Xuanhe in the Southern Song Dynasty (1125) to the 10th year of Jianyan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1137) in order to resist the Jin army's southern invasion, regain lost territory, and clear out caves.
Main commanders: Jin State: Wanyan Zonghan (Nianhan), Wanyan Zongwang (Olubu), Wanyan Zongbi (Wushu), Wanyan Loushi, Wanyan Balisu; Song Dynasty: Zhao Jiu, Han Shizhong, Yue Fei, Li Yanxian
, Wu Jie, Zhang Rong, Zhang Jun, Ma Kuo
Result: In the early stage of the war, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed, the emperor was captured, and the power of the Jin Kingdom reached its peak; in the later period, the Chinese allied forces destroyed the Jin Dynasty, and Jianyan was revived.
Background: See "Jin-Liao War" and "Sea Alliance". In the process of destroying the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty used war to support war tactics skillfully. The Jurchen tribe made a lot of war fortune and had a strong willingness to expand. At the same time, they saw through the falsehood and reality of the Southern Song Dynasty court.
Behind the flourishing flowers was a state of weakness, so it carried out many southern invasions.
Introduction to the war process:
The first stage: the Jin army’s offensive stage.
In October 1125, the Jin army went south for the first time. It entered Shanxi via Nianhan on the west and Orulu on the east to make up for the loss of Hebei. They jointly attacked from the east and west in an attempt to seize Tokyo. In the end, they temporarily retreated due to the arrival of the troops of King Qin of the World, and the Southern Song Dynasty cut three towns in Hebei for peace.
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Impact: The first southern invasion of the Jin Army marked the beginning of the Song-Jin War.
In August 1126, the Jin army invaded the south for the second time. Nianhan once again attacked Taiyuan in the west, and Olubu attacked Zhending in the east. In November, they surrounded Tokyo. Zhao Jiu was ordered to go to Jin camp to beg for peace, and agreed to use the Yellow River as the boundary. The Jin army refused.
The next month, the city of Tokyo was destroyed and the Jingkang Disgrace occurred.
Impact: The demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.
In September 1127, the Jin army invaded the south for the third time. Lou Shi was the commander of the West Route Army and attacked Shaanxi, but was blocked by Li Yanxian. Wu Shu was the vanguard of the East Route Army and attacked Jingdong. Song Shizu led the troops with Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun and Liu Guangshi.
The enemy was blocked at all levels, and the offensive and defensive battle of Shouzhou broke out. However, Liu Guangshi abandoned the ground first and trapped Zhang Jun in a dangerous position. Song Shizu personally killed Liu Guangshi and went to Xiacai alone to appease the morale of the army and reaffirm military discipline. The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted.
, the Jin army was defeated.
Impact: The Jin Army's large-scale attack was frustrated for the first time, breaking the myth of the Jin Army's invincibility. The Northern Song Dynasty ushered in a breathing space. Han Shizhong, Yue Fei and others were appreciated by Song Shizu and sow the seeds for subsequent counterattacks.
In August 1128, the Jin army invaded the south for the fourth time. Yingtian Mansion in Nanjing was captured. Zhang Suo was martyred. Kong Yanzhou, Zhang Yu, and Zhe Keqiu surrendered. In October, Han Shizhong was trapped. In November, the Nanyang offensive and defensive battle broke out. The main force of the Jin army's east-west route
He was defeated in Nanyang and Shaanzhou. In December, Zongze fell seriously ill in Tokyo and was replaced by Du Chong. King Qin of Song Dynasty gathered his troops on the front line of Yanling, but Du Chong did not want to serve his country. He was afraid of the enemy and fought cowardly. He lied about military information and deceived his superiors and subordinates.
His son Du Yan understood that the great righteousness was true when he rode to the south alone. In the first month of the following year, Shizu only led his bodyguard to sneak to Yanling and killed Du Chong. With Yue Fei as his general, he defeated Yan Dalan and achieved a great victory.
Significance: The Song Army won a large-scale field battle for the first time, and the rumor that the Jurchens were less than ten thousand and invincible was broken. This battle coordinated the Song Army's operations in Shaanxi and Shandong on both wings, suppressed the Jin Army's offensive, and created a way for the Song Army to counterattack.
With good conditions, the Jin army's strategy of destroying the Song Dynasty in a short period of time failed.
The second stage: strategic stalemate stage
Song Shizu's return to the old capital made the Jurchen nobles realize that the rhetoric of destroying the Song Dynasty in the short term had become empty talk, so they focused on local key attacks in an attempt to seize the initiative in the long-term confrontation.
In the first month of 1130, the Jin Army launched its fifth southern invasion. This time, the Jin Army mainly conducted experiments, and the two sides did not engage in large-scale battles. In March of the same year, the Jin Army relied on the power of armored soldiers and violated the weather, launching the sixth southern invasion. In May
After Luoyang was conquered, Wang Boyan, the privy envoy of the Northern Song Dynasty, set himself on fire and died. The emperor of the Song Dynasty asked his orphan queen to lead the expedition in person. On May 29, the Song and Jin Dynasties launched a decisive battle at Yaoshan. The battle was extremely fierce. The distance between the two armies was less than 100 meters at the closest point. The supreme commander
There was even a shooting exchange, and nearly 100,000 soldiers on both sides were killed or injured. In the end, the Jin commander Wanyan Loushi was killed in battle, and the Song army won a tragic victory.
Impact: The bloody battle of Yaoshan severely dealt a heavy blow to the main force of the Jin Army, and had a major impact on the Song Army's anti-Jin war. The Jin State's last large-scale offensive failed, and the strategic advantages gradually disappeared. The Song and Jin Dynasties entered a strategic stalemate stage, which can be called the founding battle of the Northern Song Dynasty.
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In 1131, the Jin army repatriated the captured clan members of the Song Dynasty with the intention of suing for peace. The Northern Song Dynasty pretended to negotiate peace while deploying troops and generals, and successfully eliminated the puppet Qi. In 1132, the Song army attacked Xixia, and the Jin army came to aid. In September, the Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty,
Mongolia held the Jinhebo Conference and established a unified alliance. Then the Xixia was declared destroyed and the Song army regained the Hetao land.
Impact: During the strategic stalemate, the Song Army took the initiative to eliminate the puppet Qi and Xixia who had surrendered to the Jin Kingdom, and united with the remaining Western Liao and Mongolian tribes who had a strong desire to resist the Jin, forcing Goryeo to remain neutral. This eliminated obstacles and laid the foundation for a strategic counterattack.
This caused drastic changes in the balance of power between the Song and Jin Dynasties, and strengthened the anti-Jin ideas within the imperial court.
The third stage: the Song army’s counterattack stage
In November 1132, Emperor Shizu of the Song Dynasty summoned his horses to expand the army and asked for a plan to destroy the gold. He immediately carried out army expansion and tax reform in the following year. During his southern tour in 1134, Emperor Shizu of the Song Dynasty began to divide the land into acres and began to destroy the land. This was known as "Jianyan" in history.
New Deal".
At the Southeast Gongge Conference in June 1135, the internal thoughts were unified through public memorials and the process of resisting the Jin was determined. In September, the Northern Song Dynasty joined forces with the Liao and Mongolian tribes to form the Chinese Allied Forces, issued a proclamation, and swore to fight against the Jin, which was known in history as "
Jianyan Northern Expedition".
The 300,000 Chinese allied troops were divided into two groups, adopting the strategy of taking Yuancheng in the east, Taiyuan in the west, and joining forces to advance north. Song Shizu personally appointed the commander-in-chief of the West Route Army, and appointed Yue Fei as the commander-in-chief of the East Route Army. The Jin Army, led by Wu Shu,
Li Su was appointed commander. On December 30, the Song Army's east-west route armies used gunpowder to simultaneously attack Taiyuan and Yuancheng.
In 1136, the Chinese Allied Forces and the main force of the Jin Army met at Jingxing. In February, the two sides launched a final decisive battle in the Huolu area. When the battle was intense, Song Shizu personally crossed the river, gathered various tribes to defeat the Jin Army, and killed Jin Shuaiba Lisu. Later.
Zhang Rong intercepted the Jin army's path with his navy, and all the Chinese troops pursued him one after another. The Jin army was defeated, and not even one of them escaped to the north. This is known in history as the "Battle of Harvesting Deer".
Impact: The Battle of Huolu was a huge victory achieved by the Chinese allied forces (mainly the Northern Song Dynasty). It basically destroyed the main force of the Jin Army, completely reversed the situation of the Song-Jin War, accelerated the demise of the Jin Kingdom, and laid the foundation for the Northeast Asia region for the next hundred years.
His political and military structure has made countless people admire him.
Literature: There are many poems praising the characters and events during the War between Song and Jin Dynasties, the most famous of which is "The Green Jade Case·Yuan Xi" written by Song Shizu himself. For details, please refer to "Appreciation of Song Shizu's Poems".
Among the paintings, the most famous ones are "Tokyo Boiling" painted by Zhang Zeduan after the victory of the deer war, and the Japanese national treasure "Between Square Inches".
There are many dramas and novels written based on the war between Song and Jin Dynasties, with various styles... Among them, "Book Club of Shao Song Dynasty" is the most absurd. The later "Gao Bao Qi Ren" made reference to this style and adopted a wicked writing method.
Historical evaluation: The Song-Jin war lasted for more than ten years. At that time, it was called the struggle for East Asian hegemony and even world hegemony. In the early stage of the war, the Jin army was in the rising stage of military, political and diplomatic affairs, and the quality of its soldiers was the best in the world. The Jin Kingdom
The founder of the country, Wanyan Aguda, was regarded as a hero. He laid a solid economic, political, and military foundation for the Jin army to move south. He obtained an excuse for the war against the Song Dynasty during the destruction of the Liao Dynasty, and occupied a favorable position in public opinion.
During the first two marches of the Jin Army to the south, they had proper tactics and made full use of their own advantages. In addition, the Southern Song Dynasty court was civilized and military, the military preparations were depleted, the emperor was weak and the ministers were mediocre, and they pursued a compromise policy, so they achieved rich results. However, due to the excessive progress of their own front
For a long time, the soldiers were not acclimated to the climate, their rule was rough, they were not recognized by the Han people, they lacked control over the occupied areas, and it was difficult to obtain supplies. Moreover, the Song Dynasty had a deep strategic strategy and rich cultural heritage, so it failed to completely destroy the Song Dynasty.
In the middle of the war, Zhao Jiu, the famous ancestor of the Song Dynasty in Chinese history, succeeded to the throne and adopted a resolute resistance strategy. Although the Northern Song Dynasty only occupied half of the rivers and mountains, the army and the people shared the same hatred of the enemy and held on to the danger. There were many capable ministers and famous generals. In the offensive and defensive battle of Shouzhou, they retreated to the beach.
Famous battles such as the Battle of Nanyang, the Battle of Yanling, and the bloody battle of Yaoshan dampened the vigor of the Jin army and consumed a large amount of its effective strength, which helped the Northern Song Dynasty and the public build confidence in the success of the resistance against the Jin.
In the later period of the war, after the war to destroy Xia and Qi, "Hu Hongxiu went to Western Liao" and the Song Dynasty established a good military and diplomatic environment. After the "Shaoxing Conference", under the leadership of Song Shizu, the Northern Song Dynasty unified its ideological pace and carried out internal reforms.
The accumulation of quantity gradually accelerated, and the balance of strength between the Song and Jin Dynasties gradually tilted. In the end, with the "Jianyan Northern Expedition" and the "Great Deer Victory" as the qualitative changes, the Jin Kingdom was destroyed and the goal of directly attacking Huanglong was achieved.
The victory of the Song and Jin wars ended the division of the north and the south since the late Tang Dynasty. The country was reunified, promoted national integration, strengthened the sense of identity of the Chinese nation, and brought a new social spiritual outlook. It was conducive to social stability and progress, and promoted
It promoted the development of the northern economy, rebalanced the economic development of the north and the south, and laid the foundation for the establishment of the "Shaoxing Prosperity".
Related comments from later generations:
Wuzong of the Song Dynasty: Looking through the history of the Southern Song Dynasty, Fang Jie Shizu was shamefully called a Zhuojun person.
Zhu Xi: The ancestor of the world has the power of the world.
Lu Jiuyuan: Empress Huiqin met the ancestors, which is a blessing to all people and a blessing to the Chinese code.
Xin Qiji: I hate being born at the wrong time, and I have never killed an enemy with my own hands.
Lu You: I am fortunate to encounter such an era and witness the splendor of such an era.
Meng Gong: Today, we must follow the example of our ancestors in Jianyan, guard the border against bandits, capture and kill the chiefs, use our troops to achieve victory, and show our authority outside the territory. All officers and men, today, we have advanced but not retreated.
Bi Zaiyu: Every time I watch the battle between history and Jin, I know that the army is bound to lose.
Xu Heng: After Jingkang, who is the winner?
Jingzong of the Song Dynasty: The ancestor of the emperor, the merits of the virtuous minister Jianyan are shining through the annals of history, and I and all your ministers should follow suit.
Zhang Yanghao: The ancestor of the world and the role model of the emperor.
Guan Hanqing: Our ancestors had a saying that we should not talk to others about anything. Now that times have changed, do our ancestors still have their precepts?
Ma Zhiyuan: Although the times are difficult, there are still things that must be done. The Emperor Shizu is with you, and I hope your Majesty will cheer up.
Xianzong of the Song Dynasty: The ancestor was named Zhongxing, which was actually a pioneer.
Song Yizong: Today the world is boiling and border troubles are arising again. Which of your ministers can help me to relieve my worries?
Chen Youliang: If you meet Emperor Shizu of the Song Dynasty, you should switch sides and dismantle your armor in order to gain the merits of Han and Yue; if you meet Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, you should plan to take over the whole river and advance into the Central Plains of Tu. If you retreat, you will divide the world into two parts.
Liu Ji: The sage king appears, the famous minister appears, Jingkang and Jianyan are separated by a thin line, how far apart are the monarchs and ministers of the two dynasties more than a thousand miles?
Taizu of the Ming Dynasty: Shizu of the Song Dynasty, who did it without the right time.
Wang Zhen: Your Majesty is a young man who is brave and brave, the emperors of Qin and Han, and the ancestors of Tang and Song are nothing more than this.
Yu Qian: Although the times are difficult, it is not like the times of Jianyan.
Emperor Zhaozong of the Ming Dynasty: Yu Qian was my Zongze.