Chapter Two Hundred and Thirty The Three Schools of Mohism
Mohism is undoubtedly the most prominent school in the world. In the beginning, Mohism and Yang Zhu's theory were equally divided in the world and became the two most popular schools, causing even Mencius to complain. But now, Mohism and Confucianism have become the two most popular schools.
, Han Fei couldn't help but complain, oh, it wasn't a complaint, it was a scolding. From the early Warring States period to the present, the Mohist family has never been lonely. Since Mozi's death, the Mohist family has gradually been divided into three factions.
Xiangli's Mo, also known as Qin Mo, inherited Mozi's teachings on scientific and technological manufacturing. They were very pragmatic and constantly conducted scientific and technological research to create more advanced tools, weapons and the like for the Qin State. They believed that
Only the State of Qin could realize the ideal society in their hearts. In fact, this Mohist family also supported unification. They were the most enthusiastic and respectful to Zhao Kuo, because what Zhao Kuo said about the world under one king was exactly what they meant.
pursued.
At the beginning, Mozi's thought of Shangtong implicitly proposed the idea of unification. Therefore, this group of Qin Mo also inherited this point. They talked about Shangtong and the will of heaven (acting according to the rules and operating according to the regulations).
Music (abolish the tedious and extravagant making and playing of chimes), some aspects coincide with Legalism, and are also very similar to Zhao Kuo's theory, but these people will not leave Qin to find Zhao Kuo, because they are in
Qin has more important things to do.
They served as craftsmen or craftsmen in the Qin State. The King of Qin asked them to teach more craftsmen or develop more good things. By the way, those who develop advanced technologies can also be promoted to nobility.
The Deng Ling clan, of course, is Chu Mo. Most of them act as knights and do justice everywhere. They oppose wars in various countries and believe that these wars are launched by the powerful for their own interests and are not beneficial to the people.
, they measure the world by their own values, and they inherit Mozi’s doctrines of non-aggression, economy in use, and economy in burial. They mostly help weak countries to resist the invaders, and the invaders in these years,
There is only Qin.
Therefore, the relationship between Chu Mo and Qin Mo is very rigid, and the conflict between the two parties is no less than the conflict with Confucianism. These rangers of Chu Mo, armed with swords, go around doing chivalry and justice, helping the weak and those in need, except for those who are in need of help.
Get rid of those who bully the weak. The knight culture that later became popular in the Han Dynasty came from Chu Mo. They kept their promises, helped the weak, and were not greedy for money. This was their label.
The last Mohist school, the Xiangfu clan of Qi State, is a sect that focuses on debate among scholars. They travel around the world and teach the Mohist idea of universal love. They are opposed to using violence to solve problems (even including uprisings).
They hoped to achieve peace in a gentle way. Of course, they inherited some of Mozi's thoughts on logic, which were in common with Gongsun Long's thoughts. This was the group that had been debating with Gongsun Long for a long time.
They are not only good at logic, but also have their own research in mathematics, optics, etc. However, they have declined now, just because they recognize non-attack and Shangtong. They want to unify in a peaceful way and want to
The need to appoint kings through elections shows that they also inherited Mozi's national ideology, which is the democratic electoral system. From kings to officials, elections are required.
Among these three Mohists, only Chu Mo was the most opposed to Zhao Kuo, because Zhao Kuo's unification was to encourage all countries to fight, which was an unjust war. Qin Mo respected Zhao Kuo, but Qi Mo recognized Ma Fu.
The advanced systems mentioned in the book.
After Zhao Kuo came to this era, he never stopped reading. He used to only study the art of war, but now he is studying the theories of hundreds of schools of thought. He has read the most books by Mohism because of many of their opinions.
, always shocked them, whether it was the extremely advanced election, his attainments in mathematics, logic, etc., or his simple philosophical thoughts, they all made Zhao Kuo feel kind.
And when he heard that Dong Chengzi had captured a group of Mo who were hostile to him, he immediately understood that this was Chu Mo.
He asked Dong Chengzi to release these people and bring them to him. When the soldiers escorted these knights to Zhao Kuo, Zhao Kuo found that these people had no resentment or fear. They were very calm.
They were also looking at Zhao Kuo. Zhao Kuo looked at these erect Mohists wearing simple clothes and suddenly sighed and shook his head.
"If you want to kill us, you can do it at any time, but please don't insult us like this." Their leader said. The leader was a middle-aged man who looked very serious, with thick eyebrows and big eyes.
This reminded Zhao Kuo of a comedian from later generations, so Zhao Kuo asked them to sit down. Their weapons had long been taken away, and there were many soldiers standing around to watch them.
Zhao Kuo asked the soldiers to leave and sat facing the Mohists.
"Please don't get me wrong, I don't want to insult the second or third disciples." Zhao Kuo said, and then said seriously: "Confucianism has just appeared. It is not a prominent school. No one agrees with it, and there are not many disciples. Since the death of Confucius,
, Confucianism is divided into multiple factions. Each faction inherits a bit of Confucius' knowledge. They often quarrel with each other because of different ideas. However, each of them has developed something of its own and constantly updates its own doctrines and ideas.
."
"They have not given up on the benevolence that runs through the thoughts they have learned. On the basis of benevolence, they have made greater breakthroughs and absorbed a lot of things."
"But the original Mohists who were prominent scholars were also divided into three factions, and each of them inherited some of Mozi's knowledge. However, the Mohists of the three factions never developed their own ideological content, and even reduced Mozi's teachings.
Theory Mozi's theory cannot be used alone. It is a multi-faceted interpretation of an ideal society. The way to realize it is to tear apart a self-justifying academic and even reduce the inherited theory.
Aren't the second and third sons afraid that the Mo family will completely disappear?"
The Mohists were a little surprised. They looked at Zhao Kuo in front of them. Zhao Kuo looked a little sad, as if he was sad for the decline of the Mohist family? The leader looked at him seriously, and he was not sure about Zhao Kuo.
Is he humiliating them? He summarized his words before saying: "Mozi said: To know a piece of knowledge or whether something is correct, you need to look at three kinds of understanding."
"The first is based on the historical experience of the ancient holy kings recorded in history. The prosperous times in history were all periods of peace without war. Therefore, when we in Chu Mo say that we are not attacking, we want to make the world peaceful. The second is that
Based on everyone's feelings and experience, everyone in the world hates war, and people hate invaders. This is why we help weak countries to fight against powerful countries. The third is whether the results of political practice are in line with the country and the people.
based on interests.”
"I think that there is no war, the king does not oppress the people because of personal interests, everyone loves each other and does not hurt each other, this is the most correct, how can you"
Before the leader finished speaking, Zhao Kuo stood up angrily, pointed at him and cursed: "Mozi has such a theory, why don't the second and third sons study it seriously? Why don't they inherit it? Hundreds of years have passed, why?
Why not develop?!" Zhao Kuo paced back and forth angrily and said: "Mozi divided war into just and unjust. He wanted to see a peaceful world without war. He didn't want to see the people at the bottom suffer.
, so we propose to take care of both economical use and burial.”
"What a good theory. Why don't you think about how to achieve this? How to end the war and make the world peaceful? Can this be achieved by helping weak countries resist strong countries? As long as there are divisions, there will be no war.
Are they going to stop being economical and ask the second and third sons to be economical? Why not let the king accept the second and third son’s proposal and let the nobles be economical?? If they save a mouthful of rice, the common people can have enough to eat for a month!!”
"What does Jianai use to make people live in harmony? Rely on the threat of the second and third sons? Or use Mozi's Tianzhi theory to use clear rules and regulations to stipulate that people live in harmony and not hurt each other? Use rules and regulations to prevent nobles from harming the people.
, Isn’t this what the second and third sons should pursue?! Minggui, why does Mozi want to explain ghosts? Does he really believe in ghosts and gods? "
"Then why does he still oppose fate? Why does he say that people should rely on their own efforts instead of God's gifts? He wants to make the nobles afraid through the theory of souls. He said that killing innocent people will be punished by ghosts and gods.
Revenge, isn’t this just to stop the nobles from killing the people?!”
"Why do the second and third sons go astray? Why don't they formulate laws and regulations that the country can implement? Mozi said let the people elect the officials, why should the people elect them? This is because the officials do not love the people, and the people
There is nothing we can do about them, so why not improve it so that the people also have the power to supervise the officials, and if the officials do something that harms the people, the people can also have a way to appeal?!"
The more Zhao Kuo talked, the angrier he became. He looked at the Mohist in front of him, but in his mind, he came from a lower class background, wore simple clothes, and lectured people on the farmland under a big tree, feeling the cruelty of the world and imagining it.
Mozi, who advocated an ideal society. The Mohist theory has begun to decline. After a while, they will be completely destroyed. After the Western Han Dynasty, there will be no trace of the Mohist school.
It is such a pity that a theory that encompasses all things has disappeared like this. Today, only Qi Mo, the most declining, has developed logic and simple materialist philosophy. They ignore the benevolence and righteousness of Confucianism and directly propose
The so-called "righteousness is benefit". However, Chu Mo went astray. Perhaps he enjoyed the pleasure of hoeing the strong and supporting the weak too much, and eventually lost himself and evolved a new group, the Rangers.
Although Qin Mo paid attention to practice, their research also went astray. Mozi's scientific research included limit theory, force as the driving force, simple space-time view, small hole imaging, geometric theory, the three laws of mechanical design, etc. Mozi's
These studies are not for the purpose of creating more advanced tools and weapons. He is using these fields of knowledge to grasp the original meaning of life and understand the truth of the world.
Looking at Zhao Kuo who was angrily explaining Mozi's thoughts and scolding him, the Mohists all looked blank. Why do you sound like you care more about the prosperity of the Mohist family than we do? Especially the leader,
When he heard Zhao Kuo expounding Mozi's ideas and complaining about their failure, he suddenly had the feeling that Mozi was standing in front of them to express his disappointment to them.
The leader wiped the sweat from his forehead. Why did Ma Fujun study the Mohist classics so deeply?
After Zhao Kuo finished speaking about his views on the Mohists, he sat down angrily and no longer looked at the Mohists in front of him. The Mohists did not speak. They originally came to Zhao Kuo to question him and wanted to ask why Zhao Kuo encouraged the war.
, why don’t you pay attention to peace? But at this moment, after being scolded by Zhao Kuo, they suddenly froze, and they were unable to say the words of guilt they had prepared in their hearts.
"Then what do you think we should do?" the leader suddenly asked. He shook his head and said with some pain: "In these years, Mo Zhe has experienced many wars, and many of us have died, but
Nothing we can do can change the fact that war is wrong, war is wrong." He said, and then said seriously: "You may not know that in Nanyang, the Ru River is dyed red with blood, and even the water cannot wash it away.
That blood”
"What benefits can the people get from the war? Even the people of Qin, are their lives not worth a title? How many Qin people participate in the war every year, and how many of them survive in the end and get the title? You get the most
The ones who benefit are the nobles at the top, not the people at the bottom. These wars are selfish and inhumane!"
Zhao Kuo was silent for a moment and then said: "At the beginning, I had the same thoughts as you. I shuddered when I thought of the deaths of 400,000 people. When I thought of my own death, I was so scared that I couldn't sleep. I am just like you.
I hate war, I don’t like death, but I find that this is something I can’t change. As long as countries still exist, war will definitely exist. Even if the countries are gone, war will still exist.”
He said seriously: "The people are living a very hard life, and they can't get much benefit from the war. All they get is disaster. I can fight for Zhao to repel Qin. As long as I am still alive, I can do it again and again."
Although I don’t know if I can defeat the enemy, I will not back down. However, I can protect the Zhao people for decades, but I cannot protect them forever. I can keep my disciples, but the war will still continue, and people will still die.
."
"Only when we realize what Mozi said, let one person's caliber become the standard, that is, when one king rules the world, will these continuous wars end. At least, no one will kill each other anymore. What I can do is to reduce wars.
There were casualties in the country, and I persuaded the King of Qin not to kill the captured soldiers and not to harm the local people. If I could see the world of one king with my own eyes, maybe I would persuade the king to let him recuperate and not continue to launch external wars.
"
"If you feel that there is nothing you can do now, why not look at the future and see what you can do to make even some trivial preparations for the future? I can't change the current war, but after reunification, maybe the doctrines and thoughts I left behind
, it can play its role. The new country can re-formulate taxes according to the content of my research, and can implement a new land system so that the people can enjoy unified welfare, thereby avoiding the outbreak of rebellion."
"What do you think?" Zhao Kuo suddenly asked.
Without saying a word, the leader of Chu Mo stood up. Immediately, the disciples behind him also stood up. They bowed towards Zhao Kuo and then turned around and left.
be opposed to.
At some point, Dong Chengzi appeared behind them. Seeing these people wanting to leave, he said: "Second Son, I am making laws and want to establish a system that is beneficial to the people. If you can, please stay."