The two people started to quarrel in the field of inaction, and then started to quarrel in the field of philosophy. Both of them firmly believe in human nature, but their human nature is somewhat different. Zhao Kuo believes in the power of people and advocates the value of people.
It is believed that the formulation of all systems and policies must be based on human beings, and the subjects of criminal law are also human-centered, and trials must be conducted on the basis of respecting your rights as a human being.
The old man also advocated the same. He absorbed Xunzi's idea that nature does not have its own ideas and people have to solve things by themselves. On this basis, it also extended people's subjective initiative. The main difference between the two is that
It comes from different views on people and human society. Zhao Kuo believes that people are the main body of society and all social activities are human activities. He reprimanded the old man for his rhetoric of "reducing the exchanges and connections between people to stabilize society."
Human society is not the mechanical addition of abstract individual people, but an organic system of interconnections and interactions formed by social people in real activities and real relationships. The organic unity of man and society is generally correct
Grasp a basic point of view of human society. Without this basic point of view, neither people nor human society can be understood.
Of course, this kind of quarrel is not meaningless. Both of them have benefited a lot. Zhao Kuo has learned a lot from the old man's simple Huang Lao thought. The old man's thought may be primitive and crude, but this
This does not mean that there are no merits in his thoughts. Although Zhao Kuo's thoughts are mature, most of them are directly borrowed from later generations, lacking some important dialectical processes in the middle.
They talked about astronomy and calendar from the field of philosophy. In these aspects, Zhao Kuo had a crushing advantage. He could seriously explain various astronomical phenomena to the old man, as well as the activities of nature. Zhao Kuo had a crushing advantage.
When it comes to the concepts of spheres, gravitation, gravity, and even the moon, the sun, etc., the old man's simple astronomical concepts are vulnerable and he has failed miserably in this field.
But this really can’t be blamed on the old man’s short-sightedness. In today’s era, people who can raise their heads and think about the universe are extraordinary people in themselves. However, due to the backwardness of technological level, the old man is more of his own conjectures.
Zhao Kuo gave the old man a simple physics and astronomy class at that time. The old man seemed a little excited, but also extremely humble, lowering his head and listening to Zhao Kuo's explanations.
Zhao Kuo's explanation seemed more reasonable than his own guess.
Just like Zou Zi at the time, the old man said to Zhao Kuo seriously: "I don't know if what you said is right, but your explanation is more reasonable than what I said." This already acknowledged Zhao Kuo.
Kuo's knowledge in the field of astronomy was higher than his own. Ge, who was completely confused about the situation, just smiled stupidly. It seemed that Junhou had won? Of course, when the two of them switched from astronomy to other fields, they quarreled again.
"What's the difference between the upper and lower? The Three Cardinal Guidelines and the Five Constant Beings are you people! Ha! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!!" Zhao Kuo almost jumped up. He never thought that there was such a side to Huang Lao's theory. Huang Lao's theory was based on Taoism.
However, it is very different from the real Taoist theory. An important idea in Huang-Lao's theory is what we call the difference between superior and inferior, and nonsense like the distinction between princes, generals and prime ministers.
Yes, Confucianism believes in etiquette, but many people like to blame Confucianism, and even say that their ideas turn people into slaves. Someone once attacked with "The king wants his ministers to die, and the ministers have to die."
Confucianism says that they are the slaves of the king. Looking at the root cause, Confucius said that the king has dignity and ministers must obey him, but Confucius never said that ministers must be loyal!
Confucius did not agree with the absolute loyalty and obedience of ministers to the king, but emphasized that the king and his ministers have their own obligations and must respect each other, so that the relationship between king and minister can be maintained. "The king entrusts his ministers with courtesy, and the ministers serve the king with loyalty." If the king does not respect each other,
Ministers, then ministers do not need to be loyal to the king. Everyone only knows the so-called monarch and ministers, but they do not know that if the king is not a monarch, then the ministers will not be ministers. Confucius also believed that although the monarch is noble, he must accept the constraints of Tao. If the monarch
If someone's behavior violates the Tao, the minister can also terminate the relationship between monarch and minister and disobey his own king.
And then Mencius and Xunzi were even more extreme, especially Mencius, who directly said that if the king does not treat you as a human being, treat him as an enemy. Xunzi also said that the king and his ministers have different responsibilities, no matter what.
No matter who you are, everyone is very important and must fulfill their responsibilities. Therefore, today's Confucians will not be used to the king. If you don't treat him as a human being, he will dare to draw his sword and aim it at you.
This is probably one of the reasons why the First Emperor couldn't stand Confucianism. The emperor wanted the world to obey him unconditionally. How could he tolerate such a group of scholars who were ready to treat him as his enemy at any time?? The most respected king was the majesty of the king, and believed that ministers must obey the king unconditionally.
Yes, it was the Legalists that everyone liked very much later. It was Shang Yang, the advocate of the centralized political system, who began to promote it. They believed that ministers must obey the king unconditionally.
If the king wants his ministers to die, they must die. The most suitable one should be Legalism.
In addition to the Legalists, the one who also cares about this is Huang Lao's theory. The old man stubbornly believes that the king is not at fault, and the king's orders must be obeyed by the whole world. The main reason why he puts forward this idea is to safeguard
The starting point for the stability of the country is that he does not want local unrest and ministers to rebel. Therefore, he wants to increase the majesty of the king to curb rebellions in the world and maintain centralization. However, his own system is not conducive to centralization.
Maybe this is a disguised form of system maintenance and patching?
The historical Huang-Lao theory was adopted in the early Han Dynasty and lasted until the reign of Emperor Jing. During the reign of Emperor Jing, Huang Sheng, a member of the Huang-Lao theory, and Yuan Gusheng, a doctor of Confucianism, started a big debate. Their argument was that Tang, Wu, and Zhou were the ones who eliminated Jie and Zhou.
Should you be a king by destiny, or should you use your ministers to kill the king? This topic is a bit dangerous. Many people who have serious prejudices against Confucianism will definitely feel that the Confucian view is that Tang and Wu used their ministers to kill the king. In fact, it is exactly the opposite.
Huang Lao believed that Tang Wu, as a minister, did not dissuade Jie and Zhou but killed them. This was regicide! Confucians believed that they had not heard of regicide. They heard that they just killed a tyrant! Since you think what they did was
Regicide, then the original Emperor Gaozu should not have revolted? Should he have remonstrated with Qin II?
In this way, the fight between the two factions turned upside down. Emperor Jing saw that the Confucianists had pulled out Emperor Gaozu, so he hurriedly stopped the debate. Emperor Jing's mother, the Empress Dowager Dou, was very superstitious about Huang Lao's theory and learned that Confucian disciples dared to attack Huang.
The old scholar was disrespectful and directly called the Confucian scholar for questioning. He arranged for a few warriors to stand beside him, and then asked him what he thought of Huang Lao's theory. The stubborn old Confucian raised his head and said: I don't know, I haven't seen it, my servant
I love watching it!
Empress Dowager Dou was furious and threw him into a pig pen to fight a wild boar. Emperor Jing secretly gave Yuan Gusheng a sharp sword. The grumpy Confucian old man took the sword and regarded the wild boar in front of him as Huang Lao.
The scholar was killed.
It is a pity that later on, because Confucianism was suppressed for a long time and had no way to get the emperor's appointment, it absorbed the concepts of monarch and ministers from Huang Lao and Legalism, and gave up its original idea of equality between monarch and ministers, which made Confucianism later combine Legalism and Huang Dynasty.
The blame for the old man was laid on his back. Since then, Confucianism has been reused, and since then, Confucianism is no longer stubborn and stubborn. The great Confucianists can no longer kill wild boars, but they can still kill people.
Later, more uglier monsters appeared to cover up these things, and then the Confucian scholars who could kill wild boars and people disappeared, leaving only some so-called "romantic" people holding fans and holding singers singing in restaurants.
"Talented scholar", some unscrupulous royal scoundrels appeared, no, they were powerful scoundrels. They would kneel down to anyone with a bigger fist. Then, the whole Confucianism was burdened with infamy, not even Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi.
Can be spared.
Confucius, who made great contributions to China, became a "little man" who advocated the hierarchy of monarchs and ministers in the words of Internet scholars. Mencius, who encouraged ministers to kill tyrants, became a "corrupt Confucian" who firmly believed that all people are good, but he lived a life of staunchness and full of great wisdom.
Xunzi's greatest achievement was that he taught two Legalist disciples! He excessively praised Legalism and belittled Confucianism at the same time, in order to show off his uniqueness.
The largest slave owner in primitive society became the Chinese version of "Lincoln", the extravagant tyrant became "the one whose merits will last forever" and "the forerunner of the prosperous Tang Dynasty", the benevolent and righteous king became the "hypocritical villain", and the upright minister became
They became the "powerful officials behind the Shu Han". And the most pitiable thing was those few sages who worked hard for the world, but their descendants called them the people they hated the most during their lifetimes.
But now when he heard the old man's words about the difference between king and minister, and the unconditional obedience of ministers, Zhao Kuo immediately became furious. He pointed at the old man's face and cursed unceremoniously. The old man also became excited. He leaned on
Crutch, said loudly: "Okay! Just do as you say! Today the son kills the father! Tomorrow the minister kills the king! There is no peace in the world for a day, no one respects the king, and the ministers only think about how to usurp the throne.
!”
"Usurping the throne and unconditional obedience are two different things! No one is without fault, and the emperor is no exception. If the emperor is cruel and unkind, why should ministers and people tolerate him? You always threaten me with war, and I
But I know in my heart that the harm caused by a cruel emperor is far greater than war! If an emperor cannot fulfill his duties and continues to persecute the people, it is extremely evil! Such an emperor should be killed!" Zhao Kuo's eyes widened in anger.
, he almost shouted.
The old man sat in his seat blankly, feeling dizzy.
A general like Zhao Kuo looked a little scary when he was angry, his eyes widened with anger, his face full of murderous intent, and Ge Du was so frightened that he trembled.
"The country must be governed by law so that no one can violate the law, even the emperor! Ministers are not slaves of the emperor. Temples must exist for the people of the world. If you want to protect the people of the world, you cannot teach them to be patient.
, faced with unfair treatment, faced with an unbearable life, faced with powerful villains, do you still have to lower your head and beg for mercy?! You have to teach them to resist!"
"I have seen too many cruel wars, and I don't want to see a situation like this again." The old man quickly calmed down and said.
"The war of the oppressed people against tyranny is a just war." Zhao Kuo said seriously. He said: "The war of defending the country, the war of unification, and the war of the people spontaneously opposing tyranny. These three kinds of wars are
, I have nothing against it, it is a war that I am willing to fight as a general myself!"
Looking at the excited Zhao Kuo in front of him, the old man was silent for a long time. Then he shook his head and said: "I still stick to my opinion. No matter what kind of war it is, it will have serious consequences. Compared with dying in battle, it may be lower.
Living with your head down will be better, and it will be better for the world."
"You are not talking about living with your head down, you are talking about living on your knees. None of us have the right to choose for the people of the world. They will make their own choices. When they are truly oppressed, they will make the right judgment."
, Zhao Kuo said calmly. Ge understood now that the prince did not seem to oppose the people's rebellion?? He even agreed! Is this still the same Marquis Wu Cheng who hated war and made countless meritorious deeds for Qin?
Zhao Kuo squinted his eyes and sat confidently in front of the old man. He was not worried at all. The people of China have always known this truth. When they are desperate, they will yell angrily, "What kind of thing does the prince and general Xiang Ning have?"
", they will make those who are superior feel afraid, and will make them taste the pain of abusing the people. This is the reason why Zhao Kuo is unwilling to find Chen Sheng, Wu Guang and Liu Bang to kill them in advance.
Zhao Kuo will arrange for the relocation of the old nobles because he does not want to see the old nobles trigger wars for their own interests, but he will never touch Chen Sheng and Wu Guang. If one day, Qin really implements harsh laws again, oppresses the people, and makes the world
The people were in dire straits, and Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were allowed to successfully revolt, and Liu Bang gained the support of the people all over the world, then Zhao Kuo felt that Qin deserved to perish!
What he is busy with now is to change the system of the Qin State to avoid oppression of the people. If one day, Zhao Kuo is unable to govern the Qin State well, the people of the Qin State cannot survive, and a great uprising breaks out, then Zhao Kuo will
He will definitely not suppress them. He helped Qin to unify, not because of his own fame, not because of his relationship with Ying Zheng, not because he wanted to be Qin's dog, but for the sake of the common people in the world.
At that moment, the old man looked at the confidence on Zhao Kuo's face and pondered his thoughts, and suddenly felt that he was indeed that tall, several heads taller than himself.